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Humanistic Psychology: Carl Rogers
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While Humanistic Psychology emphasized the potential within the Self, Transpersonal Psychology developed to focus on transcendence of Self. This "transcendence" refers to a development of consciousness towards a unity with what Carl Jung called the "collective unconscious".
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As in many areas of psychology, there are close linkages between the Humanistic Approach and philosophy. For example, Rogers's concept of the phenomenal field as the basis of defining the self can be linked to the ideas of phenomenological philosophers like Edmund Husserl. Similarly, the existentialist tradition began with European philosophers like SorenKierkegaard and Jean-Paul Sartre. While its roots extend back to the turn of the 20th century (and some would say even earlier), it really gained momentum as a result of World War II, whose devastation and destruction gave a sense of immediacy to questions about the purpose of living. (For example, Albert Camus, a leading existentialist writer, was a member of the French Resistance.) Existentialists start from the premise that there is no absolute meaning to life, and hence that life in a purely rational sense is without purpose. Interestingly... from this bleak beginning, many arrive at interpretations that nonetheless affirm a value to life.
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Rogers and Francle’s visits give the impulse to the forming of the general and pedagogic psychology of initiative group in Research Institute to organize the association of humanistic psychology in the USSR. In autumn 1988 after the meeting with Murphy (the headmaster of Esalense Institute for development of human potential) some collaborators of Moscow University and the Center of human sciences form another initiative group (22) apart from the first. Besides the foreign collaborations the specific psychological problems of the Russians who faced the crash of their vital values made it possible to unite. It was necessary to join anyhow the psychologists interested in the humanistic topic; they saw in it the recourses for theoretical and practical work with vital problems of their contemporaries.
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Two particular theoretical approaches have come to characterize humanistic psychology. The "person-centered" approach to therapy advocated by Carl Rogers is based on his belief that trusting one's experiences and believing in one's self are the most important elements of self-fulfillment. In person-centered therapy, abnormal behavior is considered to be the result of a person's failure to trust experience, resulting in a distorted or inaccurate view of the self. There is an incongruity between the person's current view of himself and his "ideal" self. Person-centered therapists attempt to help people gain self-understanding and self-acceptance by conveying empathy, warmth, and the unconditional belief that no matter what the client says or does, the client is still a worthwhile person.
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Self-help is ... included in humanistic psychology. Ernst & Goodison (1981) describe using some of the main humanistic approaches in self-help groups. Co-counselling, which is a purely self-help approach, is regarded as coming within humanistic psychology (see John Rowan's Guide to Humanistic Psychology). Humanistic theory has had a strong influence on other forms of popular therapy, including Harvey Jackins' Re-evaluation Counselling and the work of Carl Rogers.
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[I]t is Carl Rogers who probably advanced the cause of humanistic psychology the furthest. His client-centered therapy and person-centered psychology demonstrated the extent of the differences between humanistic psychology and both behavioral and psychodynamic approaches to personality. His optimistic outlook on the human condition, combined with his belief in humans as rational creatures beset by irrational needs characterized his views. Coming to understand the power of those irrational needs on one's behavior was the effort of humanistic therapy.
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Carl Rogers