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Human Genome Project: Doe Office
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Recently, two private ventures announced initiatives to sequence a major fraction of the human genome, using strategies that differ fundamentally from the publicly funded approach. One of these ventures is based upon a whole genome shotgun strategy, which may present significant assembly problems (4). The stated intention of this venture to release data on a quarterly basis creates the possibility of synergy with the public effort. If this privately funded data set and the public one can be merged, the combined depth of coverage of the working draft sequence will be greater, and the mapping information provided by the public data set will provide critically needed anchoring to the private data. The NIH and DOE welcome such initiatives and look forward to cooperating with all parties that can contribute to more rapid public availability of the human genome sequence.
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The following articles, taken from the NATIVE-L mailing list, concern the Human Genome Diversity Project, which is being planned from an office at Stanford University in California. The project has been challenged by some indigenous peoples organizations on the grounds that collecting genetic material, even for purposes of scientific study, constitutes a violation of basic principles of human rights. The following articles involve some of the principal players in this international dispute.
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The strategy of this international project was to make a series of maps of each human chromosome at increasingly finer resolutions (DOE Human Genome Program, 1992). According to this approach, chromosomes were divided into smaller fragments that could be cloned, and then, fragments were arranged to correspond to their locations on a chromosome. After mapping, each of the ordered fragments would be sequenced.
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The Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, has announced its interest in receiving proposals in support of the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications subprogram of the Human Genome Program. Applications, which are due February 13, 2003, should focus on (1) genetics and the workplace and (2) complex or multigenic traits. Preapplications, due November 25, 2002, are strongly encouraged. Complete solicitation text is at www.sc.doe.gov/production/grants/Fr03-06.html.
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All humans have unique gene sequences; therefore the data published by the HGP does not represent the exact sequence of each and every individual's genome. It is the combined genome of a small number of anonymous donors. The HGP genome is a scaffold for future work in identifying differences among individuals. Most of the current effort in identifying differences among individuals involves single nucleotide polymorphisms and the HapMap.
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