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Human Genome Project: Celera Genomics
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The truth is that Celera made a determined bid to appropriate years of labour put in by scientists of the Human Genome Project. If it had succeeded, there would have been just one publication of the resulsts—by Celera. And Celera would have ensured that access to the data was restricted by commercial concerns. To understand how the challenge was mounted and finally met successfully, a brief recapitulation of the Human Genome Project is in order.
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In the past, the genome project has benefited immensely from the talents of nonbiological scientists, and their participation in the future is likely to be even more crucial. There is an urgent need to train more scientists in interdisciplinary areas that can contribute to genomics. Programs must be developed that will encourage training of both biological and nonbiological scientists for careers in genomics. Especially critical is the shortage of individuals trained in bioinformatics. Also needed are scientists trained in the management skills required to lead large data-production efforts. Another urgent need is for scholars who are trained to undertake studies on the societal impact of genetic discoveries.
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The original business plan to sell access to its DNA information failed because the public genome project offered its information free. Celera switched to developing drugs, and Venter was replaced. Earlier this year, Celera largely abandoned drug development to focus instead on diagnostic tests, which can be brought to market more quickly and make better use of the company's genetics expertise.
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A challenge facing researchers today is that of piecing together and analyzing the plethora of data currently being generated through the Human Genome Project and scores of smaller projects. NCBI's Web site serves an an integrated, one-stop, genomic information infrastructure for biomedical researchers from around the world so that they may use these data in their research efforts.
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The availability of entire genome sequences is enabling a new approach to biology often called functional genomics--the interpretation of the function of DNA sequence on a genomic scale. Already, the availability of the sequence of entire organisms has demonstrated that many genes and other functional elements of the genome are discovered only when the full DNA sequence is known. Such discoveries will accelerate as sequence data accumulate. However, knowing the structure of a gene or other element is only part of the answer. The next step is to elucidate function, which results from the interaction of genomes with their environment. Current methods for studying DNA function on a genomic scale include comparison and analysis of sequence patterns directly to infer function, large-scale analysis of the messenger RNA and protein products of genes, and various approaches to gene disruption.
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The extraordinary utility of the data yielded by the Human Genome Project has inspired creation of numerous related databases, designed to organize the growing wealth of genomic information. Here are examples of some databases that greatly aid aging researchers in their work:
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