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Human Cloning: Embryos
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Human embryo cloning starts with a standard in vitro fertilization procedure. Sperm and an egg cell are mixed together on a glass dish. After conception, the zygote (fertilized egg) is allowed to develop into a blastula (a hollow mass of cells). A chemical is added to the dish to remove the "zona pellucida" covering. This material provides nutrients to the cells to promote cell division. With the covering removed, the blastula is divided into individual cells which are deposited on individual dishes.
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Human cloning involves, briefly, the harvesting of a woman's unfertilized egg cell, and removing its nucleus, which contains half the necessary chromosomes for life. Next, the nucleus from a donor's cell is removed (male or female, adult or child) containing a complete chromosome set, and inserted into the now empty egg cell, which is then implanted into the womb of a host. The chromosomes/DNA are then stimulated to oversee growth of the egg into an embryo, fetus and baby. The DNA simply does what DNA is designed to do. Thus the child produced is the exact clone of the donor. It is hardly related to the egg donor and not at all to the woman whose womb was used.
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Human cloning is [A]n effort to create humans as “copies” of other humans. It is done by taking genetic material from a person’s body cell and injecting it into an egg, which is then stimulated to begin embryonic development. The cloned embryo is almost identical genetically to the person whose body cell was used.
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There are no documented cases of successful human cloning. However, the most successful common cloning technique in non-human mammals is the process by which Dolly the sheep was produced. Dolly was one of 276 attempts, It is ... the technique used by Advanced Cell Technology (ACT), the first company to successfully[2] clone early human embryos that stopped at the six cell stage. The process is as follows: an egg cell taken from a donor has its cytoplasm removed. Another cell with the genetic material to be cloned is fused with the original egg cell. In theory, this process, known as somatic cell nuclear transfer, could be applied to human beings.
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Human cloning produces the genetic duplication of another human. The genetic code is copied deliberately from one person to make another person with the same genetic material. A cloned embryo is a twin of its donor —- essentially at an earlier stage of life. It is human and has only one parent with the same genetic makeup as that parent.
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At the same time... the feat also fueled an ethical debate which spans science, politics, and religion, especially regarding the possibility of "human reproductive cloning." In comparison, Kang said "stem cells originating from the blood of umbilical cords would not raise such problems, since this blood is routinely discarded after the birth of a baby. There have been many controversial debates on embryonic stem cells, and also such stem cells are not practical due to their property of possibly causing a teratoma [a form of cancer]," he explained. Kang added that since cord-blood stem cells are more mature than embryonic stem cells, they have a smaller chance of causing a lethal teratoma.
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Embryos