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Howard Hughes: Howard Hughes Medical
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The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is one of the largest private medical research organizations in the world. In the United States, only the federal government spends more money for medical research than the nearly $500 million received by some 330 HHMI scientists annually. The Institute's scientists conduct research in six broad areas: genetics, immunology, cell biology, neuroscience, structural biology, and computational biology. HHMI is ... a major supporter of science education, awarding nearly $100 million each year to elementary and high schools, graduate and undergraduate institutions, zoos, and museums.
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In Virginia, a new $500 million Howard Hughes Medical Institute research campus in Loudoun County is expected to create a new bioscience hub. In Maryland, a 2-million-square-foot biotechnology park under development by Johns Hopkins is the centerpiece of a major East Baltimore revitalization effort.
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The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) has selected the College of Chemical & Life Sciences at the University of Maryland as the recipient of four awards since 1992, totalling $6.7 million. HHMI funds innovative proposals to improve undergraduate education in the biological sciences at selected American colleges and universities. Maryland was identified as an institution "with a demonstrable record in preparing students for graduate education and careers in research, teaching, or the practice of medicine." The latest grant, for $2 million, supports undergraduate research programs, curriculum development, professional development for current and future faculty and outreach programs for secondary school students and their teachers.
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In summer 2006, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute awarded $1.9 million to Duke University to develop a comprehensive program linking undergraduate biology education to emerging systems-level transformations in science research. Integrated Systems: Integrative Sciences will foster the development of a systems perspective within biology at Duke and will build new educational collaborations between Arts and Sciences, the Medical Center, and the School of Engineering.
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In December 1953, Hughes chartered the Howard Hughes Medical Institute as a public charity, with himself as the sole trustee. At the same time he chartered the Hughes Aircraft Company and transferred all 75,000 shares of stock to HHMI, with a portion of the company's profits to be used to support the Institute's research. However, the complicated transaction left HHMI saddled with $18 million in debt and no endowment. Thus, in its first decade, it had to pay back to Hughes Tool Company (... to Howard Hughes) most of the money it received from Hughes Aircraft. During 1954, HHMI's first full year of operation, it received less than $45,000 to spend on research. Through 1963, that amount came to less than $5 million.
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In 1953 Hughes founded a new medical research center called the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). He transferred all 75,000 shares of Hughes Aircraft Co. stock to the organization. As the holding company for Hughes Aircraft, the institute, based in Miami, Florida, used part of the aircraft company's profits to fund research. It owned Hughes Aircraft until 1985, when it sold the company to General Motors Corporation. The institute, now one of the largest nonprofit medical research centers in the United States, moved its headquarters to Chevy Chase, Maryland, in 1993.
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