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Hitler Youth: Hitler Youth Movement
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Their service in the Hitler Youth, their organizing of membership and parents' meetings, will be the foundation of their later mastery of the spoken word. The HJ is establishing the foundation for reaching the people through the enthusiasm and conviction of the spoken word. The HJ will not only guard this inheritance for the movement, but will ... develop it even further.
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Formed in 1926, the Hitler Youth involved seven million boys and girls by 1939 and was instrumental in Hitler's rise to power. Bartoletti makes it clear what appealed to youth: "Excitement, adventure, and new heroes to worship," hope, power, and the "opportunity to rebel against parents, teachers, clergy, and other authority figures." She covers Hitler Youth, the resistance movement among young people and the de-Nazification process after the war in this study of Hitler's horrifying 12 years and the courageous moral stance of those who resisted. Case studies of actual participants root the work in specifics, and clear prose, thorough documentation and an attractive format with well-chosen archival photographs make this nonfiction writing at its best.
Figure 1.--The Hitler Youth Movement succeded in mesmerizing an entire generation of idealistic German boys with the NAZI ideology of racial and national superiority. These boys were the ones who garried out without question the barbarities of the Holacaust.
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Movements for youngsters were part of German culture and the Hitler Youth had been created in the 1920's. By 1933 its membership stood at 100,000. After Hitler came to power, all other youth movements were abolished and as a result the Hitler Youth grew quickly. In 1936, the figure stood at 4 million members. In 1936, it became all but compulsory to join the Hitler Youth. Youths could avoid doing any active service if they paid their subscription but this became all but impossible after 1939.
April 20, 1945. On his 56th birthday, Hitler awards the Iron Cross to Hitler Youth outside his bunker. Following the abortive Beer Hall Putsch (in 1923), the Hitler Youth was ostensibly disbanded but many elements simply went underground, operating clandestinely in small units under assumed names. It was formally re-established in early 1926, a year after the Nazi Party itself had been reorganized. The architect of the re-organisation was Kurt Gruber, a law student and admirer of Hitler from Plauen, Saxony. He fused together several of the clandestine youth groups to form an embryonic national organisation. It was called the Großdeutsche Jugendbewegung or GDJB (Greater German Youth Movement).
An 81-year-old Jewish man who hid his identity by enlisting in the Hitler Youth was honoured at the German factory where he saw out the war. After fleeing to Russia from Lodz following the 1939 invasion of Poland, Solomon Perel was captured by the Nazis in 1941. But he was able to join the youth movement and secure employement at a plant which made military vehicles for the Third Reich. A plaque was unveiled at the VW factory commemorating his bravery. He said: "In the daytime, I acted like an enthusiastic member of the Hitler youth."
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