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History of Science: Natural History
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As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (published in 1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). The history of mathematics, history of technology, and history of philosophy are distinct areas of research and are covered in other articles. Mathematics is closely related to but distinct from natural science (at least in the modern conception). Technology is likewise closely related to but clearly differs from the search for empirical truth. Philosophy differs from science in its engagement in analysis and normative discourse, among other differences.
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Pascal Richet's new book, A Natural History of Time, explores the various ways that human societies have conceptualized the idea of time. By tracing the various attempts throughout the history of western civilization to pinpoint the age of the earth, Richet's book tells the story of how human societies have progressively built a chronological scale that has made it possible to reconstruct the history of nature itself. As a recent review in the New York Sun notes, Pascal's book pays special attention to the rise of the scientific method as the dominant paradigm for the creation of this chronology. Adam Kirsch writes for the New York Sun:
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The American Museum of Natural History was established in New York City in 1869. It is noted for major collections in all of the natural sciences. The museum was a pioneer in mounting field expeditions and in contemporary museum presentation, creating dioramas and other exhibits with natural habitats. There are more than 30 million research specimens in the museum.
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The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanity's understanding of the natural world (science) and ability to manipulate it (technology) have changed over the millennia. This field of history ... studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation.
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In the January 9 issue of the Times Literary Supplement reviewer Richard A. Fortey takes note of Pascal Richet's new book, A Natural History of Time for its fascinating tale of the scientific quest to discover the age of the earth. Fortey writes:
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Located south of downtown Chicago, Ill., the Field Museum of Natural History contains exhibits devoted to anthropology, botany, geology, and zoology. Its collection of more than 20 million specimens and its world-class natural-history library of more than 250,000 volumes attract scholars and researchers from around the world.
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