LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Hiroshima: Cities
built 189 days ago
Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the culmination of nearly six years of barbarity. How many millions of the fair ones, sons and daughters of our Heavenly Father, had their lives cut short–in Warsaw and Rotterdam, London and Coventry, Belsen and Auschwitz and Treblinka, Berlin and Hamburg and Dresden, Pearl Harbor and Guadalcanal and Bataan and Normandy and Stalingrad and Kursk and the Ardennes, Iwo Jima and Okinawa, and, finally, in those two cities (and ironically, on the USS Indianapolis, a US Navy cruiser that carried the bomb to Tinian and then was sunk by a Japanese submarine, with a loss of over 900 men). These two days (August 5 and 8, by the Japanese reckoning) should be the days when we join Lincoln in fervently praying that the terrible scourge of war will pass away, and that the young men and women of our nations will no longer be sent off to kill and be killed.
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Hiroshima recently made it onto Lonely Planet's list of the top cities in the world. Commuting times rank amongst the shortest in Japan and the cost of living is lower than other large cities in Japan such as Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, or Fukuoka.
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During World War II, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, were destroyed by atomic bombs dropped by the United States military on August 6 and August 9, 1945, respectively, killing at least 100,000 civilians outright and many more over time. One of the primary reasons given for the use of the bomb was that it would force Japan to surrender unconditionally. Japan presented its formal document of surrender to the Allied powers on August 15. The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha (被爆者), a Japanese word that translates literally to "bomb affected people."
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The bomb exploded over Hiroshima at 8:15 on the morning of August 6, 1945. About an hour previously, the Japanese early warning radar net had detected the approach of some American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. The alert had been given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. The planes approached the coast at a very high altitude. At nearly 8:00 A.M., the radar operator in Hiroshima determined that the number of planes coming in was very small - probably not more than three - and the air raid alert was lifted. The normal radio broadcast warning was given to the people that it might be advisable to go to shelter if B-29's were actually sighted, but no raid was expected beyond some sort of reconnaissance.
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A deterministic estimate of the nuclear radiation fields from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear weapon explosions requires the yields of these explosions. The yield of the Nagasaki explosion is rather well established by both fireball and radiochemical data from other tests as 21 kt [one kiloton equals the explosive power of 1,000 tons of TNT]. There are no equivalent data for the Hiroshima explosion. Equating thermal radiation and blast effects observed at the two cities subsequent to the explosions gives a yield of about 15 kt [at Hiroshima]. The pressure-vs-time data, obtained by dropped, parachute-retarded canisters and reevaluated using 2-D hydrodynamic calculations, give a yield between 16 and 17 kt. Scaling the gamma-ray dose data and calculations gives a yield of about 15 kt.
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The first and only use of nuclear weapons in combat was in August 1945 when the United States dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The stunning destruction brought by these individual weapons, delivered by single airplanes, convinced the Japanese government that continuation of the war was futile.
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