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Hindi: Standard Urdu
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Because of Hindi's extreme similarity to Urdu, speakers of the two languages can usually understand one another, if both sides refrain from using specialized vocabulary. Indeed, linguists sometimes count them as being part of the same language diasystem. However, Hindi and Urdu are socio-politically different, and people who self-describe as being speakers of Urdu would question their being counted as native speakers of Hindi, and vice-versa.
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Hindustani includes both the Hindi and Urdu languages, which are considered by linguists to be the same language. Hindi, influenced greatly by Sanskrit (and some European languages such as English and Portuguese), is mostly spoken by Hindus. While Urdu, which draws influence from Persian-Arabic origins, is predominantly spoken by Muslims. Everyday use of both languages is, in fact, homogeneous; Urdu and Hindi share grammar and vocabulary and common street-talk is barely distinct between the two. Urdu speakers in everyday situations can converse with Hindi speakers and vice-versa.
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The South Asian language component is comprised of courses in Hindi and Urdu. As these languages share a basic grammar, quotidian diction, and popular cultural forms, they are taught parallel to each other for the first two years, with both scripts being taught in each of the sequences. Students should ... expect to learn the basic and advanced grammars and both the devanagari and nasta’liq scripts. They will also attain facility with everyday conversation and familiarize themselves with the cultural contexts in which these languages are operative. After the first two years, courses in these languages generally become focused exclusively on either Hindi or Urdu and begin to have a thematic focus.
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A number of former literary languages with established and major bodies of literature, such as Braj, Avadhi, and Maithili, have been essentially subsumed under the rubric of Hindi. Maithili, spoken in northern Bihar, has a body of literature and its own grammar. Proponents of its use insist that it is a language in its own right and that it is related more closely to eastern Indo-Aryan tongues than to Hindi. Nonetheless, efforts to revive Maithili have had minimal success beyond its use in elementary education. Other regional tongues that lack literary forms, such as Marwari (in Rajasthan) and Magadhi (in southern Bihar), are considered variants of Hindi. Some of them differ from Hindi considerably more than does Urdu.
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Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi and Urdu are very close to Hindi. When Hindi is used with Arabic/Persian adjective and adverb and written in Arabic script it is known as Urdu. Marathi uses same Devanagari script. Punjabi and Gujarati are looks like sister of Hindi.
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Standard Urdu