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Hindi: Modern Hindi
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Hindi is the fourth most widely spoken language in the world, intelligible in North India and Pakistan and in the many South Asian diaspora communities around the world. Although many English-speakers from the West can get by in South Asia without knowledge of Hindi that knowledge provides direct access to the everyday lives of millions of people. For some South Asian people English may be a medium for commerce or bureaucratic function; it is not the language of their feelings. Hindi, on the other hand, is the language the rickshaw-wallah uses on the street, the mother uses for lullabies to her infant, and the Bombay film star uses to banter with her beloved. Hindi expresses eight hundred years of links to nature and culture in South Asia-through the poetry of Kabir, the devotional songs of Sur Das, the activist fiction of Premchand, the spiritual modernity of Nirala. Hindi is the language for those who want to dip their hands in the life which flows through North India.
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Hindi evolved from Sanskrit, by way of the Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrit languages and Apabhramsha of the Middle Ages. There is no consensus for a specific time where the modern north Indian languages such as Hindi emerged, but c. 1,000 AD is commonly accepted.Shapiro, M: Hindi. Over nearly a thousand years of Muslim influence such as when Muslim rulers controlled much of northern India during the Mughal Empire, many Persian and Arabic words were borrowed into Hindi.
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The Hindi-Urdu curriculum requires students to attain basic knowledge of the classical Indic and Islamicate cultural traditions from which both modern Hindi and Urdu took shape. The curriculum seeks to promote innovative research, whether of individual authors, literary movements, traditional forms or other relevant topics.
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Hindi is descended from the ancient Sanskrit language, an Indo-European language written in the beautiful Devanagari script. This lineage is reflected in modern Hindi vocabulary. Because India is at the crossroads of the Middle East and Asia, modern Hindi has been influenced by Arabic, Farsi, Portuguese, Turkish, English and Dravidian languages.
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Over its long lifetime, Hindi has been heavily influenced by languages as diverse as Dravidian, English, Arabic, and Persian. Its vocabulary is very wide, and particularly when it comes to modern terms, may derive many words from other languages.
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Hindi literature draws upon the heritage of Sanskrit literature, and has a long history. Tulasidas's Ramacharitamanasa was an early work in recognizable Hindi that attained wide popularity. Modern Hindi litterateurs include :
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Modern Hindi