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Herodotus
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Herodotus, ‘the father of history,’ was born between 490 and 480B.C. at Halicarnassus, a Greek colony on the coast of Asia Minor. When the colonies were freed from the Persian yoke, he left his native town, and travelled in Asia Minor, the Aegean Islands, Greece, Macedonia, the coasts of the Black Sea, Persia, Tyre, Egypt and Cyrene. In 443B.C. the colony of Thurii was founded by Athens on the Tarentine Gulf and Herodotus joined it. From Thurii he visited Sicily and lower Italy. He died about 425B.C.
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As might have been expected from its excellence, the history of Herodotus has been translated by many persons and into many languages. About 1450, at the time of the revival of learning a Latin version was made and published by Laurentius Valla. This was revised in 1537 by Heusbach, and accompanies the Greek text of Herodotus in many editions. The first complete translation into a modern language was the English one of Littlebury, published in 1737. The was followed in 1786 by the French translation of Larcher, a valuable work, accompanied by copious notes and essays. Beloe, the second English translator, based his work on that of Larcher.
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Herodotus describes amazing customs and habits, and sometimes it is hard to believe him. The Agathyrsi have their women in common, so that they may all be brothers, and, as members of a single family, be able to live together without jealousy and hatred. The Argippaeans are bold. Sacred prostitution is a custom in Babylon. In Lydia, men don't like to be seen naked. The Neuri can change into werewolves.
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Herodotus has been called the father of History, and indeed he attempts to earn that title. He follows the same patterns of research and inquiry that have been par for historical investigations for the centuries that followed. Herodotus interviewed witnesses, both first and second hand, looked into documentary evidence, even traveled the same paths his History would go, all in an attempt to preserve the events of men, and, as if seeking von Ranke's approval, to tell his story as it actually happened.
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These observations might have led Herodotus to question the idea of 'language as nomenclature'. Self-evidently... they did not. There is no sign that Herodotus ever thought through the implications of such material, or indeed that he ever formulated any general views on the nature of language.
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It is unclear just how long Herodotus stayed in Athens, but a few facts can be inferred from his influence on others. When Aristophanes published his Archarnians in 425, there are clear allusions to Herodotus' work,<50> but unlike Aristophanes' treatment of Socrates, Euripides, and others, there are no physical parodies of the Historian. Some scholars take this to indicate that Herodotus was no longer in Athens by 425, as Aristophanes tends to reserve satire for what is prominent and present--"obscurity earned no laughs."<51>
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Herodotus