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Hebrew: Old Hebrew
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Hebrew is one of the longest continuously recorded languages that has survived to the modern day. It first appeared around the late 11th or early 10th century BCE in the form of the Gezer calendar. While the script on this inscription is called Old Hebrew, it is barely discernible from Phoenician from where it originated.
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When the Hebrews started using the Aramaic script for everyday use, reserving the Old Hebrew script for religious use only, the Aramaic script quickly became known as the Jewish script. Because of the shape of the letters, it was called the Square Script. The earliest preserved texts in the square script date back to the 5th century BC. Hebrew letters are not connected to each other, even in handwriting. They are written from right to left.
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Studying biblical Hebrew and Jewish heritage will give you the correct context for reading the B’rit Chadashah (New Testament) by equipping you to comprehend the implications of the Torah, Nevi’im, and Ketuvim (the Tanakh or Old Testament). You will begin to better understand the Hebraic mindset that informs the New Testament and to avoid exegetical errors that distort the original intent of the authors of the Holy Scriptures.
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While many associate written Hebrew with the squarish letters adorned by curvy flourishes and occasionally vowel marks, Hebrew was originally written with a different, but related, script called Old Hebrew. The first evidence of this script is the Gezer Calendar, which dates to around the 10th century BCE and records agricultural activities throughout the year. This early form of Old Hebrew is graphically very similar to Phoenician. Also, like early Phoenician, Old Hebrew inscriptions did not indicate vowels (not even the simple matres lectionis system where the letters aleph, yodh and waw represented vowels in addition to consonants).
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Biblical Hebrew (BH) is believed to have crystallized over 3,000 years ago, when the Israelite tribes coalesced into a homogeneous political unit under the monarchy in Jerusalem (eleventh - tenth centuries B.C.E.). It emerged as a fully formed literary language whose poetic grandeur is attested by the oldest portions of the Bible, written about that time.
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Old Hebrew