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Haganah: Jewish Jerusalem
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War II, the Haganah was faced with new problems. It headed a movement of volunteers, from which Jewish units were formed for service in the British army (see Jewish Brigade Group). cooperated with British intelligence units and sent its personnel out on various commando missions in the Middle East. Another example of this cooperation was the dropping of 32 Jewish parachutists in 1943-44 behind enemy lines in the Balkans, Hungary and Slovakia. Europe (see ... Hannah Szenesh*, Enzo Sereni*, Haviva Reik*).
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The Haganah was the underground military organization of the yishuv (Jewish settlement) in Erez Israel from 1920 to 1948. The idea of establishing a defense organization that would protect the yishuv throughout Erez Israel was born during the Ottoman period when the head of Ha-Shomer (association of watchmen in Erez Israel), Israel Shohat, sent a memorandum to the Executive of the Zionist Organization at the end of 1912, suggesting the establishment of a countrywide organization for self-defense around Ha-Shomer. This organization crystallized into the Haganah.
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In the riots of 1929, the Haganah proved more successful, especially in Tel Aviv, Haifa and the center of Jerusalem, and eventually in peripheral settlements as well. The case for a militia seemed to be proven. With the backing of the political leadership, the Haganah now became a country-wide organization that involved all youth and young adults of the kibbutzim and settlements and several thousand in the cities. Some light arms were brought in from Europe. A clandestine arms industry was set up in Palestine. The factories were literally underground - in subterranean cellars where imported war surplus machinery eventually produced quantities of ammunition.
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About a month after the split, the Haganah leaders decided to bow to the authority of the Jewish Agency. A joint General Headquarters was established for the first time, half of its members drawn from the Histadrut and the other half from non socialist parties. Despite this seeming parity, the great majority of the senior commanders of the Haganah were members of the Histadrut and affiliated to the labor parties. The co-opting of non socialists to the Haganah leadership did not bring Tehomi back into the Haganah ranks and the split became an established fact.
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The Haganah is absolved from the laws of the non-Jewish government. Its existence, its weapons and its operations are subject to painstaking secrecy. Those who breach this principle do so at the risk of their lives.
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At the same time, the Haganah further strengthened its independent basis during the war. A systematic program of training was instituted for the youth of the country. In 1941, the Haganah's first mobilized regiment, the Palmach came into being. At the end of the war, when it became clear that the British government had no intention of altering its anti-Zionist policy, the Haganah began an open, organized struggle against British Mandatory rule in the framework of a unified Jewish Resistance Movement, consisting of Haganah, Irgun Zevai Le'umi - Etzel*, and Lohamei Herut Yisrael - Lehi*.
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