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Habsburg
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The Habsburg rule in Austria was a period of economic decline and suppression of the Czech culture and customs. During this period was the Thirty Years War and the Czech's defeat at the Battle of White Mountain, both events bringing hardship to the Czech people. In the eighteenth century... Prague was transformed by the construction of palaces and churches by pro-Habsburg nobility and Jesuits who built in baroque and rococco styles of the time period. It was during this time that Prague became known as the "City of a Hundred Spires." Soon, however, the Czechs began to feel resentful towards the Germanization of the country and desired greater independence. The "Czech National Revival" was an attempt to regain some of the lost Czech culture.
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In 1453, a Habsburg descendent, Friedrich III was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. With that title and his influence, he began to raise cultural pride in Austria, claiming that Austria was a superior nation to others. In pursuit of his belief, he waged war against King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. He defeated the Hungarian king and was able to acquire the city of Vienna, which had been under Hungarian control up until that time.
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Géza von Habsburg has a Ph.D in History of Art and Archeology. During 23 years he served as chairman of two auction houses. He has since curated five blockbuster Fabergé exhibitions attracting over 2.5 million visitors. Dr. von Habsburg has featured in six films or documentaries and is portrayed in "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil". He has published or co-published 12 books, dozens of articles and speaks seven languages fluently. A direct descendant of Emperor Franz-Joseph of Austria, he is ... a grandson of the last King of Saxony.
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Even before Frederick III's time the House of Habsburg had won much of its standing in Germany and in central Europe through marriages to heiresses. Frederick's son Maximilian carried this matrimonial policy to heights of unequalled brilliance. First he himself in 1477 married the heiress of Burgundy, Charles the Bold's daughter Mary, with the result that the House of Habsburg, in the person of their son Philip, inherited the greater part of Charles the Bold's widespread dominions: not the duchy of Burgundy itself, which the French seized, but Artois, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and the County of Burgundy or Franche Comté. Secondly, though he failed after Mary's death in 1482 to secure Brittany ... by a similar coup (France frustrated his proxy marriage to the Breton heiress Anne), he procured Philip's marriage, in 1496, to Joan, prospective heiress of Castile and Aragon: thus securing for his family not only Spain, with Naples–Sicily and Sardinia, but also the immense dominions the Spaniards were about to conquer in America. Maximilian's matrimonial achievements were the occasion of the famous hexameter Bella gerant alii, tu felix Austria nube (“Let others wage wars: you, fortunate Austria, marryâ€).
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The Habsburg possessions ... included Styria, and then expanded west to include Carinthia and Carniola in 1335 and Tyrol in 1363. Their original scattered possessions in the southern Alsace, south-western Germany and Vorarlberg were collectively known as Further Austria. The Habsburg dukes gradually lost their homelands south of the Rhine and Lake Constance to the expanding Old Swiss Confederacy. Unless mentioned explicitly, the dukes of Austria also ruled over Further Austria until 1379, after that year, Further Austria was ruled by the Princely Count of Tyrol. Names in italics designate dukes who never actually ruled.
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In 1989, Dr. von Habsburg helped persuade the Hungarian government to open its border to East Germany, through which a flood of East Germans found their way to the West. In August of that year, the "Pan-European Picnic" that he and his Pan-Europa Union sponsored at the Austria-Hungary border became an opening chink in the soon-to-fall iron curtain. Since the end of the Cold War, Dr. von Habsburg -- finally welcome in all the nations he sought to serve -- has traveled widely in Eastern Europe assisting those lands in their transition to democracy. He worked for the independence of the Baltic States from the Soviet Union. During the tragic Balkan conflicts, he worked tirelessly on behalf of peace and relief for the victims. Though retired at last from his career in Parliament, Otto von Habsburg remains on the cutting edge of European unification, working to hasten the full integration of Eastern European nations into the European Union.
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