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Globalization: Peoples
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Globalization, Americanization and Europeanization are three concepts that have generated much debate among politicians, business people, intellectuals and academics in recent decades. In the first installment of his three-part series, Columbia University's Volker Berghahn provides a historical foundation for the current debate.
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Globalization means that it is now easier for people in places that are far apart to communicate. It ... means that people can travel between far away places much more easily. This has happened because of inventions like mobile phones, the internet, airplanes and satellites.
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Globalization's believers argue free-market capitalism is not always kind or easy, but it is the way to raise the standard of living for the most people. Furthermore, they say, this new international system has given new economic opportunities to people all over the world.
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Globalization is deeply controversial.... Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labor, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalization.
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What does all this mean for globalization? Will globalization be forced to retreat in the face of growing disillusionment and dangers such as terrorists' who abuse open borders and easy economic transactions? There is, of course, a precedent for such a decline in globalization. Between the two World Wars, free trade and the free movement of people did slow to a crawl, thanks to the raising of tariff walls and a closed door to immigration. But those restrictions did not dampen the same four basic motivations - conquest, search for prosperity, proselytizing and curiosity - that have driven globalization. The Allied victory against the Nazis and Japan, in fact, reopened the flood gates of globalization, giving a further boost to trade and travel.
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[G]lobalization is closely tied to identity. Because people around the world are interacting more, they are being forced to consider foreign lifestyles and worldviews. In many places, people feel their traditions and culture are being eroded. This mixing and clashing of culture can be deeply threatening to people if they feel they are losing their identity. Thus, threats to culture and identity tend to create particularly intractable conflicts. Improving cross-cultural communication between different groups can help clear up misunderstandings and avoid conflict, as long as one culture doesn't try to impose its views and values on another.
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