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Germany: Nazi Germany
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The states composing Germany were restricted in sovereignty by the Nazi regime and replaced in their political rights by Gaue; districts were led by representatives called Gauleiter who were completely loyal to the central government. In the majority of cases that Gauleiter was responsible in personal union for the Reichsgau too. These administrative changes dismantled the regional political hegemony, which had been held by Prussia over German affairs since 1871. However, the title of the Prime Minister of Prussia used by Hermann Göring from 1933 to 1945, and other titles, still remained in use.
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Of all the countries in Europe, Germany is one of the richest in Jewish history and tradition. While the country is probably most famous, or infamous, in Jewish history for being the epicenter of the Nazis' "Final Solution," even the Holocaust was unable to bring to an end the 1600 years of continuous habitation and cultural flourishing in Germany. Ashkenaz Jewry has been shaped for a millennia and a half in the tumultuous, ever-changing German political, social and economic landscape.
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Today, Germany has the fastest-growing group of Jewish people in the world. Many of them are in Berlin. Ten thousand Jews have moved to Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall; many came from countries that were in the Soviet Union. Schools teaching about the horrible things that happened when the Nazis were in power, as well as teaching against the ideas of the Nazis, has helped to make Germany very tolerant towards other people and cultures, and now many people move there from countries that may not be so tolerant.
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Deep in the heart of Europe, Germany has had a seminal impact on Continental history. From Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire to Otto von Bismarck's German Reich, Nazism and the rise and fall of the Berlin Wall, no other nation has moulded Europe the way Germany has - for better or worse.
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Germany had apparently recovered economically and politically by 1929, but soon afterward the world economic depression brought about mass unemployment and business failure, and political and social tensions mounted. As the Nazi and Communist parties gained strength in the Reichstag, Brüning and his successors, Franz von Papen and Kurt von Schleicher, failed in their efforts to mold parliamentary majorities without Hitler’s support. Government came to a standstill. Rather than accept Schleicher’s alternative of a military dictatorship, Hindenburg, by then old and exhausted, accepted von Papen’s assurance that Hitler could be held in check. In Jan., 1933, Hindenburg made Hitler chancellor. In the elections of Mar., 1933, Hitler played upon the electorate’s fear of the Communists (especially after the Reichstag building was largely destroyed by fire in Feb., 1933) to win a bare majority of seats in the Reichstag for the National Socialists and the Nationalists.
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Under the Nazi regime, Germany became the dominant nation state in Europe by the early 1940s from a military and territorial standpoint. After the annexation of Austria in 1938, Nazi Germany became the first united German state since the Holy Roman Empire to include Austria within its boundaries. This combination ended in 1945 with the Nazi regime's defeat, together with the complete dissolution of Prussia as a regional component of Germany.
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Nazi Germany