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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Karl Marx
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Hegel's son Ludwig Fischer had died shortly before while serving with the Dutch army in Jakarta; the news of his death never reached his father.[15] Early the following year Hegel's sister Christiane committed suicide by drowning. Hegel's sons Karl, who became a historian, and Immanuel, who followed a theological path, lived long lives during which they safeguarded their father's Nachlaß and produced editions of his works.
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Após a morte de Hegel, seus seguidores dividiram-se em dois campos principais e contrários. Os hegelianos de direita, discípulos diretos do filósofo na Universidade de Berlim, defenderam a ortodoxia evangélica e o conservadorismo político do período posterior à restauração napoleônica. Os de esquerda vieram a ser chamados de jovens hegelianos e interpretaram Hegel em um sentido revolucionário, o que os levou a se aterem ao ateísmo na religião e ao socialismo na política. Entre os hegelianos de esquerda encontra-se Bruno Bauer, Ludwig Feuerbach, David Friedrich Strauss, Max Stirner e, o mais famoso, Karl Marx. Os múltiplos cismas nesta facção levaram, finalmente, ao individualismo egoísta de Stirner e à versão marxiana do comunismo.
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Hegel's influence was immense both within philosophy and in the other sciences. Throughout the 19th century many chairs of philosophy around Europe were held by Hegelians, although Kierkegaard, Feuerbach, Marx, and Engels were all opposed to the most central themes of Hegel's philosophy. After less than a generation, Hegel's philosophy was suppressed and even banned by the Prussian right-wing, and was firmly rejected by the left-wing in multiple official writings.
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Hegel has influenced many subsequent philosophies—post-Hegelian idealism, the existentialism of Kierkegaard and Sartre, the socialism of Marx and Lasalle, and the instrumentalism of Dewey. His theory of the state was the guiding force of the group known as the Young Hegelians, who sought the unification of Germany. His lectures on philosophy, religion, aesthetics, and history were collected in eight volumes after his death.
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U.S. neoconservative political theorist Francis Fukuyama's controversial book The End of History and the Last Man was heavily influenced by Alexandre Kojeve, a famous Hegel interpreter from the Marxist school. Among modern scientists, the physicist David Bohm, the mathematician William Lawvere, the logician Kurt Gödel and the biologist Ernst Mayr have been deeply interested in or influenced by Hegel's philosophical work. The contemporary theologian Hans Küng has ... advanced contemporary scholarship in Hegel studies. Recently, two prominent American philosophers, John McDowell and Robert Brandom (sometimes, half-seriously, referred to as the Pittsburgh Hegelians), have produced philosophical works exhibiting a marked Hegelian influence.
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