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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Karl Marx
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Hegel was the last of the great metaphysical philosophers. He sought to create a grand synthesis of all human knowledge. Like Proclus he explained Reality in terms of the dialectical unfolding of a three-fiold absolute. Unfortuantely, his magnificent attempt no longer fitted in with an increasingly more secular world However his philosophy was adapted in a very prosaic manner by the socio-economic philosophy Karl Marx, who turned Hegel's dialectic upside down. According to Kai Froeb (Kais Hegel-Werkstatt)
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Hegel had taught that there was an ultimate reality and that it was spiritual. However, when the young, materialist-minded Marx, under the influence of such philosophers as Feuerbach, absorbed Hegel, he "turned Hegel upside down," to use his collaborator Friedrich Engels's apt phrase. While retaining Hegelian logic and the historical process of the triadic dialectic, Marx, later Engels, and still later Lenin, saw the process in purely nonspiritual, materialistic, historical, and socioeconomic terms. This became the ideology, or science, of historical materialism and dialectical materialism as embraced by the Russian Marxist George Plekhanov and, thence, by Lenin - but in an interpretation of the ideology different from Plekhanov's.
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Hegel wrote more books about the implications of his theory...but none of them seem very important. He did ... teach many people his ideas. One of these students was Karl Marx, who later said "Pong=Communism". Another student was René Descartes who said "I think, therfore I am, so I can play pong and pwn you n00bs." It is worth noting that Hegel taught This Guy while This Guy was discovering the many joys of kitten huffing.
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Despite this seemingly dominant theological theme, Hegel was still seen by many as an important precursor of other more characteristically secular strands of modern thought such as existentialism and Marxist materialism. Existentialists were thought of as taking the idea of the finitude and historical and cultural dependence of individual subjects from Hegel, and as leaving out all pretensions to the “absolute,” while Marxists were thought of as taking the historical dynamics of the Hegelian picture but reinterpreting this in materialist rather than idealist categories. As for understanding Hegel himself, the traditionally "metaphysical" view remained the dominant interpretative approach of Hegel scholars throughout the twentieth century, and different aspects of it can be seen reflected in the contemporary approaches of Frederick Beiser and Rolf-Peter Horstmann, for example. In the last quarter of the century... it came to be vigorously questioned, and interpreters such as Robert Pippin, Terry Pinkard and Henry S. Harris put forward very different accounts of the basic nature of Hegel's philosophical project. While a variety of philosophical interpretations of Hegel have emerged during this period in an effort to acquit him of implausible metaphysico-theological views, one common tendency has been to stress the continuity of his ideas with the “critical philosophy” of Immanuel Kant.
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Hegel influenced writers of widely varying positions, including both his admirers (Bauer, Marx, Bradley, Sartre, Küng), and his detractors (Schelling, Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Russell). Hegel discussed a relation between nature and freedom, immanence and transcendence, and the unification of these dualities without eliminating either pole or reducing it to the other. His influential conceptions are of speculative logic or "dialectic," "absolute idealism," "Spirit," the "Master/Slave" dialectic, "ethical life," and the importance of history.
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Hegel found that in the Homeric epics the depiction of physical objects... detailed and stylized, did not intrude upon the rhythm and vitality of the poem. Descriptive writing in modern literature, on the other hand, struck him as contingent and lifeless…. Compared to Homeric or even to medieval times, modern man inhabits the physical world like a rapacious stranger. These ideas greatly influenced Marx and Engels. It contributed to their own theory of the ‘alienation’ of the individual under capitalist modes of production.
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