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Geopolitics: United States
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Geopolitics identifies and scrutinizes the central features of geopolitics from the sixteenth century to the present. The book focuses on five key concepts of the modern geopolitical imagination: visualizing the world as a whole; the definition of geographical areas as "advanced" or "primitive"; the notion of the state being the highest form of political organization; the pursuit of primacy by competing states; the necessity for hierarchy. The work addresses topical issues such as the re-integration of Hong Kong into China and the threatened break-up of states such as Canada, Spain, Russia and the UK. John Agnew ... shows how questions of the organization of power combine with those of geographical definition and highlights the crucial geopolitical "certainties" from as recently as ten years ago which are now either gone or in question.
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Competition between Britain, France, and Spain over trade and territory in the Caribbean and North America shaped eighteenth-century European geopolitics. Struggles between Austria and Prussia found a parallel in Anglo-Spanish trade wars or the Anglo-French struggle for mastery in North America. The network of European alliances, Britain’s dynastic ties with Hanover after 1714, and French relationships with Poland and the German states connected the conflicts. Gains in one theatre could be traded for compensation elsewhere as Britain’s cession of Louisbourg in Acadia after the War of Austrian Succession in 1748 showed. During the Seven Years War, William Pitt the Elder aptly spoke of America’s having been conquered in Germany. [19] Like other regions within Europe, the Atlantic world played a part in European politics.
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Many scholars have looked to geopolitics for a deeper understanding of the fundamental structure of power relations between states. For a better conception of the political rivalry between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), for example, geopolitical theorists looked for the roots of foreign policy imperatives in the domestic conditions of those two countries. As early as 1904, the British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder noted a geopolitical antagonism between the Eurasian land power (that is, Russia) and the leading sea power (then Great Britain, subsequently the United States). Various geopolitical explanations were offered for the US-Soviet struggle for influence in Africa, Eurasia, and Latin America from the late 1940s through to the early 1990s, when the USSR broke up.
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