LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Gender Identity
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Females with Gender Identity Disorders generally experience less ostracism because of cross-gender interests and may suffer less from peer rejection, at least until adolescence. In child clinic samples, there are approximately five boys for each girl referred with this disorder. In adult clinic samples, men outnumber women by about two or three times. In children, the referral bias towards males may partly reflect the greater stigma that gross-gender behavior carries for boys than for girls.
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It is during this period of gender stability development that many children develop stereotypic behaviors appropriate to their gender identity. Thus girls sometimes refuse to wear pants because "only boys wear pants." This can happen even if the girl has a mother and other female role models who wear pants. Conversely boys may becomes intensely interested in playing "army." This period of development may last through the preschool years.
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Gender identity is affected by "genetic, prenatal hormonal, postnatal social, and postpubertal hormonal determinants. Biological factors include the influence of testosterone and gene regulation in brain cells. Social factors are primarily based on the family, as gender identity is thought to be formed by the third year of life.
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During infancy, gender identity probably remains in the incomplete stage in which it exists at birth. At this point, the parents create the gender role, and parental decisions play the largest part in determining environmental influences. Theories of social learning describe differing types of reinforcement in families. Opportunities to experience a variety of activities or restriction to sex-stereotypical ones may have some effect on gender development. Scientific evidence exists describing behavioral changes that occur when parents of either sex interact with male babies versus female babies. Females are touched and cuddled more; males are encouraged to play assertively with toys and balls.
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The term gender identity, meaning a person's relative sense of his or her own masculine or feminine identity, was first used in 1965 by John Money (Money, 1965). The term was introduced into the psychoanalytic literature by Robert Stoller in 1968 (Stoller, 1968).
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Gender identity emerges by the age of two or three and is influenced by a combination of biological and sociological factors reinforced at puberty. Once established, it is generally fixed for life.
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Gender Identity