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Gaul: Julius Caesar
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The major source of materials on the Celts of Gaul was Poseidonios of Apamea, whose writings were quoted by Timagenes, Julius Caesar, the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus, and the Greek geographer Strabo. [5]
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Caesar was cut off from his troops in Northern Gaul. His career on the line. Caesar reentered Gaul with only a small force. He headed straight into the heart of Gaul, digging his way through snowdrifts in the Alps Mountains and rejoined his army.
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No other positive information concerning the Church of Gaul is available until the fourth century. Two groups of narratives... aim to fill in the gaps. On the one hand a series of local legends trace back the foundation of the principal sees to the Apostles. Early in the sixth century we find St. Caesarius Bishop of Arles, crediting these stories; regardless of the anachronism, he makes the first Bishop of Vaison, Daphnus, whose signature appears at the Council of Arles (314), a disciple of the Apostles (Lejay, Le rôle théologique de Césaire d'Arles, p. 5). One hundred years earlier one of his predecessors, Patrocles, based various claims of his Church on the fact that St. Trophimus, founder of the Church of Arles, was a disciple of the Apostles. Such claims were no doubt flattering to local vanity; during the Middle Ages and in more recent times many legends grew up in support of them.
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The Druids were not the only political force in Gaul... and the early political system was complex, if ultimately fatal to the society as a whole. The fundamental unit of Gallic politics was the tribe, which itself consisted of one or more of what Caesar called "pagi." Each tribe had a council of elders, and initially a king. Later, the executive was an annually-elected magistrate. Among the Aedui, a tribe of Gaul, the executive held the title of "Vergobret," a position much like a king, but its powers were held in check by rules laid down by the council.
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Julius Caesar, in his Commentaries, recounted his conquest of Gaul, that part called Gallia Transalpina. He spoke of the country as being divided into three parts (“in partes tres divisa est”), inhabited by the Belgae, the Aquitani, and the Galli (or, “as they are known in their own tongue,” Celtae). The Belgae dwelt in the north, with the Sequana (Seine) and Matrona (Marne) rivers as their southern boundary; the Aquitani lived in the south, between the Garumna (Garonne) River and the Pyrenees; and the Celtae inhabited the region between the Belgae and the Aquitani. According to Caesar, the three nations differed in language, customs, and laws. His account is fundamentally correct, although he did not mention all the tribes of Gaul; nor did he recognize that the Aquitani were ethnically distinct from the Belgae and Celtae, between whom many affinities existed, notably that of language. The Belgae and the Celtae were tall, of fair complexion, gregarious, and given to fighting in large numbers.
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Although the tribes were moderately stable political entities, Gaul as a whole tended to be politically-divided, there being virtually no unity among the various tribes. Only during particularly trying times, such as the invasion of Caesar, could the Gauls unite under a single leader like Vercingetorix. Even then... the faction lines were clear.
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Julius Caesar