LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Gastrointestinal Tract
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This new volume of the Biopsy Interpretation Series is a practical, superbly illustrated guide to interpreting gastrointestinal tract mucosal biopsies. The book describes and illustrates the distinguishing features of non-neoplastic lesions, polyps, and neoplasms of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, and anus. The author addresses the biopsy interpretation issues confronting pathologists in daily practice and offers advice on avoiding pitfalls in biopsy diagnosis. The up-to-date coverage includes detailed information on newly recognized serrated polyps. A bound-in CD-ROM contains 955 full-color digital images of common and rare entities, and includes a quiz mode that is ideal for board exam preparation.
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The developing gastrointestinal tract from conception to adolescence is in constant direct interaction with an increasingly complex environment. This sets up the potential for unrecognized acute as well as chronic disorders, some of which may be difficult to pinpoint in a developing infant and child, given the wide variations that exist. It is startling to note how early some environmental toxins can come into contact with the developing human, where vulnerability may be heightened and maturation of detoxifying pathways may be incomplete. Although the complex process of recognizing, detoxifying, and avoiding the toxic substance by the body has presumably evolved over a substantial period of time, in this rapidly changing world, the array of novel toxins that make their way into the gastrointestinal tract is increasing. There remain many gaps in understanding the effects of environmental toxins on all of the developmental stages from conception to adolescence. Although threshold levels have typically been derived from adult or animal data, factors such as size, relative differences in consumption in proportion to size especially in infancy, and variable physiologic maturation of metabolic pathways are not well understood.
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AFP is protein made by the fetus' liver, in the fetal gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the yolk sac. During pregnancy, AFP crosses into the mother's blood. The level of AFP in the mother's blood can be measured to screen for disorders such as neural tube defects and Down syndrome. The mother's AFP levels tend to be high with neural tube defects such as anencephaly and Spina bifida, and low with Down syndrome.
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This is another picture of opened and formalin-fixed gastrointestinal tract with detailed labels and bars indicating key places for sampling of the stomach and proximal small intestine. It is important to remember to describe lesions in the stomach and intestinal tract by indicating the location of the lesion relative to the segment of the gastrointestinal tract (ie. to differentiate whether lesions occur in the fundic or in the pyloric region of the stomach, or lesions occur in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and/or colon), because this may facilitate an accurate diagnosis.
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Exposure to chemical substances can cause adverse effects on the the gastrointestinal tract, liver, or gall bladder (gastrointestinal and liver toxicity). The gastrointestinal tract is the site of entry for chemicals that are ingested. Exposure to halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, including chlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene, and metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium can cause anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. The liver is frequently subject to injury induced by chemicals because of its role as the body's principal site of metabolism. Necrosis, or liver cell death, is a common effect of acute exposure to chemicals. Carbon tetrachloride and related chemicals, such as chloroform, are linked to cirrhosis of the liver.
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Ulcer develops in the area of the gastrointestinal tract exposed to acidic gastric juice. Mostly ulcers occur on the lesser curvature of stomach, where they are called gastric ulcers; and if they occur in the pyloric sphincter or first part of duodenum, they are called duodenal ulcers. Rodriguez[25] has discussed the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation associated with use of NSAIDs. Most peptic ulcers are duodenal. Hirschowitz[26] and Wolfe[27] described the side effects, indications and preventive measures of NSAIDs. It has been reported that lower doses of NSAIDs pose a lower risk of gastrointestinal toxicity.
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Gastrointestinal Tract