LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Gallbladder: Tumors
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Benign and malignant tumors can occur in the gallbladder. Benign tumors consist of papillomas, adenomyomas or cholesterol polyps. Malignant tumors of the gallbladder are very uncommon. The most common malignant tumor of the gallbladder is adenocarcinoma although squamous cell carcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma and adenoacanthomas have been reported. Adenomacarcinoma of the gallbladder is associated with chronic cholecystitis; exposure to rubber or petroleum products has ... been suggested as an etiology. It occurs more commonly in women and people over 50 years old.
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The remaining epithelial cell types occurring in the gallbladder include adenosquamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small (oat) cell carcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. The adenosquamous carcinoma contains a mixture of malignant glandular and squamous components. The pure squamous cell carcinoma constitutes only 1% of all malignant gallbladder tumors and consists of cords, islands, or sheets of malignant squamous cells separated by dense fibrous stroma (Fig 7) (34). These tumors most likely arise in areas of previous squamous metaplasia, and their histologic features may vary from anaplastic to well-differentiated, keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. Small (oat) cell carcinomas of the gallbladder are rare and highly aggressive tumors. They are histologically identical to small cell carcinomas of the lung and gastrointestinal tract.
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Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) may allow access to the proximal biliary tree that has become obstructed by extensive tumor growth from the gallbladder. Material for cytology can be obtained and drainage performed as well.
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[K]nown as IMRT, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy allows difficult-to-reach gallbladder tumors to be treated. Not only does IMRT allow even higher doses of radiation to be delivered to sensitive areas, but it is often able to spare more surrounding, healthy tissue compared to other traditional methods of radiation therapy.
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