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Frederick Sanger
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Frederick Sanger (1918- ) is a British molecular biologist who was working on problems related to the determination of the structure of proteins. His studies resulted in the determination of the structure of insulin; for this discovery he received Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958. In 1965, he developed the chain termination method... known as the "Sanger method." He later received another Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980 "for contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids." In 1992, the Sanger Centre in Cambridge, named after Frederick Sanger, was founded by the Wellcome Trust and the British Medical Research Council, the purpose of which is stated on their website as "to provide a major focus in the UK for mapping and sequencing the human genome, and genomes of other organisms."
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Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born August 13, 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth living person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.
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Frederick Sanger has the very rare distinction of having won two Nobel Prizes, in 1958 and 1980, both in chemistry. Growing up in England, the son of a doctor, Sanger’s interest in science was encouraged at home. He had wanted to study medicine like his father but decided studying biochemistry was more suited to his style than medical practice. Sanger spent his career investigating the macromolecules of life, most notably proteins and DNA. While proteins are long chains of various amino acids joined chemically, DNA is made of long chains of sugars, phosphates, and purine bases. In the 1950s Sanger determined the exact sequence of amino acids that makes up bovine insulin.
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English biochemist and molecular biologist Frederick Sanger won the Nobel Prize in chemistry twice, the first time in 1958 and again in 1980. The 1958 award was given for his work on the structure of the insulin molecule and the 1980 award for determining the base sequence of nucleic acids. Sanger shared the 1980 prize with Paul Berg (1926- ) and Walter Gilbert (1932- ). Berg performed fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, particularly recombinant DNA, and Gilbert determined the sequence of bases in DNA by a method applicable to single-and double-stranded DNA. Sanger’s work on insulin enabled chemists to synthesize insulin artificially, stimulated research on protein structure, and led to the determination of the structures of many other complex proteins.
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In the 1960s and 1970s, British scientists Frederick Sanger and Alan Coulson, and Alan Maxam and Walter Gilbert in the United States, develop DNA sequencing techniques. Automated equipment makes DNA sequencing a speedy, routine laboratory procedure. Gilbert and Sanger win the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work.
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Frederick Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, at Rendcombe in Gloucestershire, the second son of Frederick Sanger, M.D., a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree in natural sciences in 1939. Since 1940 he has carried out research in the Department of Biochemistry at Cambridge. From 1940 to 1943 he worked with Dr. A. Neuberger on the metabolism of the amino acid lysine and obtained a Ph.D. degree in 1943. From 1944 to 1951 he held a Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research and since 1951 he has been a member of the External Staff of the Medical Research Council. His present position is Head of the Division of Protein Chemistry in the M.R.C.
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Frederick Sanger