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Franco: Civil War
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Despite this, Franco was not a political pariah. In 1955, John Foster Dulles, America’s highly influential Secretary of State, visited him. During the Cold War, Franco was seen as a safe bet against any spread of communism in western Europe.
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Among Franco's greatest area of support during the civil war was Navarre... a Basque speaking region in its north half. Navarre remained a separated region from the Basque Country and Franco decided to preserve its also centuries' old fiscal privileges and autonomy, the so-called Fueros of Navarre.
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The dictator Francisco Franco died in 1975. The writers of the Franco era had tended to be realists, wanting to translate into print the destructiveness of the Civil War and its aftermath. Post-1975 Spanish writers were free to participate in literary currents that had been sweeping the rest of Europe for decades.
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Lacking any strong ideology, Franco initially sought support from various right-wing groups. He initially garnered much support from the fascist elements of the Falange, but distanced himself from fascist ideology after the defeat of the Axis in World War II. These were then marginalized in favor of technocrats, many of whom were linked with Opus Dei[33]. The consistent points in Franco's long rule included above all nationalism, the defence of Catholicism and the family, anti-Freemasonry, and anti-Communism.
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When the 1945 Potsdam Conference excluded Spain from the United Nations, Franco was confident that, in the Cold War, Spain's geostrategic position would eventually save him from the consequences of his pro-Axis policies. His propaganda apparatus presented him as having saved Spain from war. The Berlin Blockade and the Korean War ensured that he survived with his position strengthened. In September 1953 a treaty with the United States brought him into the Western fold, and in 1959 he received President Eisenhower in Madrid.
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It was during this campaign that Franco faced one of the great controversies of his career. On April 26, 1937, German aircraft under Franco's command bombed the small Basque market town of Guernica. The international press widely reported the town’s destruction and the death of much of its civilian population. Franco's government was immediately blamed for the tragedy. In response, Franco's press corps vehemently denied Nationalist involvement in the incident, insisting instead that what they called Republican 'red revolutionaries' were responsible. Nevertheless, Franco's culpability in the event continued to haunt him.
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