LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Feminization: Women
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The aim of facial feminization surgery (FFS) is to eliminate or reduce many of the cross-gender-related deformities of the facial bones caused by late-pubertal testosterone masculinization in MtF transsexuals. facial masculinization effects in male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals can be every bit as disfiguring and socially damaging to them as are the effects of severe facial disfigurement in accident victims and genetic facial deformities in children. In the case of transsexual women, Dr. Pichet focusses on how to adjust the dimensional parameters of each face towards the normal female range, based on certain physical anthropological measurements. Survival requirements over evolutionary time have adapted human males' faces for protection in hunting and fighting, providing them with protruding browridges and heavy jaws/chins. However, human females' faces have evolved (as have childrens' faces) for better hiding/fleeing by having better unobstructed peripheral vision (with the eyes more forward in the facial structure, and with no browridge). These differences in secondary sex characteristics are caused by the different sex hormones present in the bodies of boys and girls after puberty.
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The feminization of the ministry is one of the most significant trends of this generation. Acceptance of women in the pastoral role reverses centuries of Christian conviction and practice. It ... leads to a redefinition of the church and its ministry. Once women begin to fill and represent roles of pastoral leadership men withdraw. This is true, not only in the pulpit, but in the pews. The evacuation of male worshippers from liberal churches is a noticeable phenomenon.
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Efforts to end the feminization of AIDS in Africa must be African-based and African-implemented. For the African woman at the receiving end of HIV/AIDS, the solution lies principally in changing societal beliefs and practices within her family, community, country and the continent. The solution to gender inequities lies in the capacity of African governments to confront societal beliefs and practices that wittingly or unwittingly put women at risk of physical, emotional and mental harm. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa is exposing deadly consequences of gender inequities. As the toll of HIV/AIDS mounts in Africa and the epidemic gradually assumes a feminine connotation, every policy maker in Africa should work toward the end of all practices that prevent African women from becoming full partners in the titanic struggle ahead. Any serious advocate for comprehensive AIDS remedial efforts in Africa cannot afford to watch from the sidelines the increasing feminization of AIDS in the continent.
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Testicular feminization is an inherited disorder which is transmitted by some women to half their male offspring. The affected individuals are genetic males with end organ insensitivity to endogenous and exogenous androgens. As a consequence, they lack androgen-dependent differentiation and present clinically as phenotypic females with primary amenorrhea. Testicular feminization has ... been described in the rat and the mouse. Studies on these rodents indicate that a major tissue abnormality in testicular feminization is decreased cytosol androgen receptor activity. Deficiency of this cytosol binder could account for the lowered nuclear binding of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in these animals.
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This study asks whether the feminization of poverty, the tendency of women and their families to become the majority of the poor, is unique to the United States, where the phenomenon was first "discovered." Seven industrialized nations, both capitalist and socialist, with different degrees of commitment to social welfare are compared: Canada, Japan, France, Sweden, Poland, the Soviet Union, and the United States. In each of the countries the authors analyze information about women, labor market conditions, equalization policies, social welfare programs, and demographic variables such as the rates of divorce and single parenthood.
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Recently, Paula England (1997) noted that the feminization of poverty has stopped going up and may even be reversing among some groups. England attributes these changes to improvements in women's earnings, which have risen both absolutely and relative to men's during the 1980s and 1990s. She argues that since 1980, the gains in women's employment and earnings have been large enough to offset the changes in family structure and that these gains are beginning to close the poverty gap between men and women.
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