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Fascism: Italian Fascism
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Within Italian Fascism a large emphasis was placed on renewal and evolution. Italian Fascism accepted many of the ideas of the Futurist movement, which wanted to renew Italy through war and industrialisation, and believed in a form of “evolution” brought about by the Fascist State that would result in the “Nuovo Uomo Fascisti”, or “New Fascist Man”, a superior form of human.
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Italian Fascism has been studied much less than German Nazism, but interest in the topic is increasing among American scholars, and ... the Fry Collection is being made available at a very opportune moment. It contains a wide variety of both primary and secondary materials dealing with many aspects of Fascism. These extensively document the character and range of Fascist propaganda and the special cult of the Duce that it fostered. Other materials illustrate Fascist social and educational policies, efforts to channel women's activities and foster family life, and Fascist direction of youth activities. Fascist racial policies are represented, while many items deal with Italian colonialism, the rise and downfall of Fascism, and the anti-Fascist opposition.
Fascism ... borrowed from Gabriele D'Annunzio's constitution for his ephemeral "regency" in Fiume. Syndicalism had an influence on fascism as well particularly as some syndicalists intersected with D'Annunzio's ideas. Before the First World War, syndicalism had stood for a militant doctrine of working-class revolution. It distinguished itself from Marxism because it insisted that the best route for the working class to liberate itself was the trade union rather than the party. The Italian Socialist Party ejected the syndicalists in 1908. The syndicalist movement split between anarcho-syndicalists and a more moderate tendency.
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Fascism was, to an extent, a product of a general feeling of anxiety and fear among the middle class of postwar Italy. This fear arose from a convergence of interrelated economic, political, and cultural pressures. Under the banner of this authoritarian and nationalistic ideology, Mussolini was able to exploit fears regarding the survival of capitalism in an era in which postwar depression, the rise of a more militant left, and a feeling of national shame and humiliation stemming from Italy's 'mutilated victory' at the hands of the World War I postwar peace treaties seemed to converge. Such unfulfilled nationalistic aspirations tainted the reputation of liberalism and constitutionalism among many sectors of the Italian population. In addition, such democratic institutions had never grown to become firmly rooted in the young nation-state.
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Italian Fascism ... placed an emphasis on struggle, believing that war was the way for the nation to achieve its destiny and to renew the country. For Fascists war was to be seen as a creative force, causing innovations and advancement, and uniting the people for a common cause. This also tied in to the Italian Fascist concepts of nationalism, with the Italian nation being seen as having a separate and superior destiny to other nations (based partly on their Imperial past), justifying their wars against countries they viewed as inferior, such as Abyssinia. In conjunction with this nationalism, there was also an attempt to establish Autarky as the economic system of Italy, in order to eliminate foreign influence, and ensure that Italy was subject to no other nation.
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The Sicilian writer Vitaliano Brancati opposed Fascism. Sandro Pertini, the brave partisan who later became President of Italy, fought against the Fascists. Another opponent was Calogero Vizzini, the rustic bandit and sometime Mafioso from Villalba who assisted the United States with the invasion of western Sicily. From afar, Mayor La Guardia of New York was an outspoken opponent, and criticised a local Fascist-oriented club (which has since evolved into a large Italo-American organisation) as being inappropriate in the United States. Such groups quickly shed their Fascist skin after Italy declared war on the United States and, in imitation of the British government, the Americans began to imprison certain Italian citizens as wartime "enemy aliens." In today's "politically correct" America, it has been suggested that these wartime practices were somehow secretive or covert; in fact, the American federal government never made a secret of its policy regarding Italian, Japanese and German citizens present in the United States during the Second World War, though for security reasons certain details were not immediately made public. It was the Fascist government in Italy, not the democratic ones in the United States and the United Kingdom, which conducted a war of terror against innocent Italians.
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Italian Fascism