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Fascism: Fascist Italy
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The definite identity of National Socialism with Fascism is an artifact of the Anschluss, the alliance of Germany with Italy. They are, in fact, somewhat distinct. The essence of Fascism is the assumption that an ideal is realized in actuality — that the State and its machinery is the essence of the Community it rules. It then follows that the machinery of the State can and should be used to enforce (and reinforce) community values, and in that sense things like morality legislation can legitimately be described as “Fascist”. What is not legitimate is confounding such measures with the social and economic control measures characteristic of socialism, whether National or International.
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Fascism does not require revolution to exist in captialist society: fascists can be elected into office (though their disdain for elections usually means manipulation of the electoral system). They view parliamentary and congressional systems of government to be inefficent and weak, and will do their best to minimize its power over their policy agenda. Fascism exhibits the worst kind of capitalism where corporate power is absolute, and all vestiges of workers' rights are destroyed.
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Fascism in practice embodied both political and economic policies, and invites different comparisons. As noted elsewhere in this article, some writers who focus on the politically repressive policies of fascism identify it as one form of totalitarianism, a description they use to characterize not only Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, but ... countries such as the Soviet Union, The People's Republic of China or North Korea. It should be noted that "totalitarianism" is a catch-all group which includes many different ideologies that are sworn enemies to each other.
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"Fascism was really the basis for the New Deal. It was Mussolini's success in Italy, with his government-directed economy, that led the early New Dealers to say 'But Mussolini keeps the trains running on time.'"
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Fascism in practice embodied both political and economic practices, and invites different comparisons. Writers who focus on the politically repressive policies of fascism identify it as one form of totalitarianism, a description they use to characterise not only Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, but ... communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Communist China and Cuba (although fascists and communists identify each other as enemies).
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Dave Renton's Fascism: Theory and Practice adds a second recent Marxist account of fascism. From a wider focus, he draws similar conclusions to Gluckstein. Dave Renton challenges the ideological thesis of fascism of Griffin, Eatwell, and Stemhell through the medium of an attempt to elaborate a 'dialectical' Marxist view of fascism. The ideological thesis posits that fascism should be understood in terms of its ideas, rhetoric, and language. As such fascism, according to Stemhell, is 'neither left nor right' and incorporates a strong revolutionary component." There has been surprisingly little criticism of this fashion in fascism studies. According to Renton, the ideological thesis of fascism imprisons historians in the language, rhetoric and ideas of the fascists themselves.
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Fascist Italy