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Ethics: Practices
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Ethics and morals are respectively akin to theory and practice. Ethics denotes the theory of right action and the greater good, while morals indicate their practice. "Moral" has a dual meaning. The first indicates a person's comprehension of morality and his capacity to put it into practice. In this meaning, the antonym is "amoral", indicating an inability to distinguish between right and wrong. The second denotes the active practice of those values.
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The formation of the Ethics Work Group follows the launch of The Association of Open Group Enterprise Architects (AOGEA), a body created to further the profession of enterprise architecture by maintaining and enforcing standards of excellence and ethics for its members. The Association, formally launched in January 2007... aims to increase job opportunities for all members and provide employers with enterprise architects whose skills are based on recognized best practices and transferable between companies. The AOGEA has registered over 1,366 members to date.
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This question leads to another conception of ethics, one that is specific to psychoanalysis. The ethics of psychoanalysis is a consequence of how its practice implements its method and rules. Psychoanalysis does not aim to make the individual adapted to his or her environment. In other words, it does not serve the good; rather, it seeks the truth. When Freud recommended that physicians not give in to the amorous advances of their patients, he was giving voice less to traditional morality than to a psychoanalytic ethics conceived in terms of the requirements of a praxis founded on a method. The patient, by engaging in transference love, aggravated by a resistance to remembering, aims to reduce the analyst to a lover.
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The concerns and positions of clinical social workers at the micro level of practice were studied with regard to their professional and personal ethics. Questionnaires with Likert-type scales were sent to a random sample of 300 registered clinical social workers. Questions designed to measure moral reasoning were included and personal ethical positions were examined by means of a philosophically oriented classification scheme. One hundred thirty-five usable questionnaires were analyzed. Results showed that in regard to their professional ethics, at least 33 percent or more respondents indicated that their ethic was abstract and unhelpful. They were unwilling to report client fraud or engage in research and social reform activities.
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Descriptive ethics is a value-free approach to ethics which examines ethics not from a top-down a priori perspective but rather observations of actual choices made by moral agents in practice. Some philosophers rely on descriptive ethics and choices made and unchallenged by a society or culture to derive categories, which typically vary by context. This can lead to situational ethics and situated ethics. These philosophers often view aesthetics, etiquette, and arbitration as more fundamental, percolating "bottom up" to imply the existence of, rather than explicitly prescribe, theories of value or of conduct. The study of descriptive ethics may include examinations of the following:
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Literature was reviewed from the fields of organizational theory, power, ethics, and social work ethics and a qualitative research tool was developed. Two basically identical interviews were conducted with 20 participants from two distinct settings. Participants were asked to reconstruct ethical dilemmas from their practice and to respond to created case histories. The study found that an uneasy relationship exists between agency social workers and their employing organizations; many participants felt resigned and helpless in dealing with organizational constraints. Several... demonstrated that ethically informed positions taken in response to constraints can enhance the quality of social work.
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