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Ethics: Issues
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A Canadian ethicist, Dr Margaret Somerville (Gale professor of law and a professor in the faculty of medicine at the McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law), has addressed the issue of infant male circumcision directly. Here are excerpts from an article she wrote (in The Gazette, Montreal, on October 24, 1998, pB6):
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The list of Issues in Ethics statements provides analysis and instruction concerning specific issues related to ethical conduct. These statements were developed to promote awareness and thoughtful consideration of ethical issues and to help indivduals engaging in self-guided ethical decision making.
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Laws can be neutral on ethical issues, or they can be used to endorse ethics. The prologue to the U.S. Constitution says that ensuring domestic tranquility is an objective of government, which is an ethically neutral statement. Civil rights laws, on the other hand, promote an ethical as well as legal commitment. Often laws and the courts are required to resolve strong ethical dilemmas in society, as in the controversial issues of abortion (Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147), affirmative action (University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 98 S. Ct. 2733, 57 L. Ed. 2d 750), and segregation (Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 74 S. Ct.
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The DC Bar issued ethics opinion 341 concerning the review and use of metadata. ”A receiving lawyer is prohibited from reviewing metadata sent by an adversary only where he has actual knowledge that the metadata was inadvertently sent. In such instances, the receiving lawyer should not review the metadata before consulting with the sending lawyer to determine whether the metadata includes work product of the sending lawyer or confidences or secrets of the sending lawyer’s client.”
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The ethics of a particular act is many times determined independently of the legality of the conduct. In fact, decisive answers cannot always be given for many ethical issues because there are no enforceable standards or reliable theories for resolving ethical conflicts.
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One way to appear ethical is to talk about ethics, which undoubtedly explains the current moral preoccupations of former Hill & Knowlton chief executive Robert Dilenschneider. His lecture about the unethical nature of "spin" is described in this issue's cover story.
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