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Ethics: Ethical Conduct
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Like members of the legislative and executive branches, federal judges are expected to have high standards of ethics. All federal judges follow the principles outlined in the Code of Conduct for United States Judges, which has been adopted by the Judicial Conference of the United States, the federal courts' national policy-making group. The Code of Conduct includes these guidelines:
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As these fields become more complex, and deal with more situations, ethics, too, tends to become complex. But Schopenhauer stated that the first ethical principle was extremely simple and convincing: "Neminem laede; imo omnes, quantum potes, juva."
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Correspondingly, the epistemology of ethics divides into cognitivism and non-cognitivism; a distinction that is often perceived as equivalent to that between descriptivists and non-descriptivists. Non-cognitivism may be understood as the claim that ethical claims reach beyond the scope of human cognition or as the (weaker) claim that ethics is concerned with action rather than with knowledge. Cognitivism can then be seen as the claim that ethics is essentially concerned with judgments of the same kind as knowledge judgments; namely about matters of fact.
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Though law often embodies ethical principals, law and ethics are far from co-extensive. Many acts that would be widely condemned as unethical are not prohibited by law -- lying or betraying the confidence of a friend, for example. And the contrary is true as well. In much that the law does it is not simply codifying ethical norms.
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Many questions in ethics are deeply concerned with the claiming of rights, especially when authority is present. The potential to invoke authority and force of arms lies heavy over all ethical decisions whenever they are available tools:
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Ethical Conduct