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In the mind of Erasmus there was no metaphysical inclination; he was a man of letters, with a general tendency to rational views on every subject which came under his pen. His was not the mind to originate, like Calvin, a new scheme of Christian thought. He is at his weakest in defending free will against Luther, and indeed he can hardly he said to enter on the metaphysical question. He treats the dispute entirely from the outside. It is impossible in reading Erasmus not to be reminded of the rationalist of the 18th century. Erasmus has been called the "Voltaire of the Renaissance."
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Despite his enormous popularity, Erasmus had many critics. Of all his writings, his Greek New Testament translation garnered the most controversy. The accuracy of his translation is especially important to modern Christians because it is the predecessor of the current King James Version of the Bible. Critics have leveled charges that Erasmus’ first translation was “hastily prepared” and “fraught with errors.” Critics fail to realize that Erasmus was working to complete the translation within his publisher’s deadline, a time span of only one short year. Furthermore, this first edition was not the publication used when transcribing the King James Version. Rather, later translations were based on the subsequent four versions that Erasmus wrote, which he spent the next twenty years editing and revising in order to ensure total accuracy.
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Erasmus initially sympathized with the reformers, but he withdrew his support after 1521 when it became apparent that their teaching was schismatic. The saying current at the time, "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched," reflects the fact that Erasmus sharply criticized the Catholic hierarchy in such works as The Praise of Folly and the Colloquies (first version 1518). His call for inner piety rather than external compliance with ceremonies, first formulated in The Handbook of the Christian Soldier (1503), and his emphasis on Scripture and the fathers created the impression that he shared Luther's platform. He differed sharply from Luther... in calling only for a reform of abuses and initiating no change in doctrine. As his polemic with the reformer in 1524 over the question of free will clearly showed, Erasmus respected the traditions of the church and accepted its teaching authority. Although he voiced doubts about certain doctrinal points, for example, the divine institution of the sacrament of penance, he expressly subjected his views to the verdict of the church.
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Erasmus's works, written in an elegant Latin, display vast erudition usually tempered by tolerance and wit. His Adagia (Adages, 1500; enlarged 1508), a collection of Latin proverbs, established his scholarly reputation. Most of his other early works attack corrupt church practices and the rationalist Scholasticism developed by churchmen. The Manuell of the Cristen Knyght (1503; translated 1533) and the famous satire The Praise of Folie (1509; translated 1549), dedicated to More, both advocate a return to simple Christian ethics. His Greek New Testament (1516), based on recently discovered manuscripts, with critical notes and a new Latin translation, was a more accurate version than the Latin Vulgate. Because these works influenced religious reformers of the time, Erasmus is sometimes called the father of the Reformation, a 16th-century religious revolution in the Christian church.
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Critics of Erasmus have been quick to point out that he dedicated his first edition of his Greek New Testament to Pope Leo X. However, there is more to that than meets the eye. The long established Catholic position was that the Latin Vulgate was the official church Bible. There was a hostility toward anything that threatened that primacy. Erasmus knew that and he knew the opposition his Greek text would receive. Therefore, without the pope even knowing it, he dedicated it to him and at the same time had his friend in Rome, Bombasius, obtain formal approval of his publication because it had been dedicated to the pope. Thus, when the Catholic establishment in central Europe began to vehemently attack his work, Erasmus produced the approval of the pope.
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