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England
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England's only annual tournament is the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales. The Six Nations started out as the Home Nations Championship in 1883 which England won with a Triple Crown. England have won the title more times than any other nation by winning it outright 25 times, and sharing victory ten times. Their longest wait between championships was 18 years (1892–1910). During the Six Nations, England ... contests the Calcutta Cup with Scotland (which England first won in 1880) and the Millennium Trophy with Ireland (which England first won in 1988). The matches between England and France are traditionally known as "Le Crunch."
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England is the largest and most populous country occupying the island of Great Britain. It was once part of the Roman Empire, having been conquered by Julius Caesar. The tribes from which most modern English are descended, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, began arriving around 449. During the Struggle for Supremacy (613 to 829), the kingdom of Wessex eventually dominated its rivals Northumbria and Mercia. This was followed by a long period of conflict with the Danes. The Danes had finally been defeated when William the Conqueror arrived from France and installed the Norman Dynasty.
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England's role as a destination for migration ... has influenced conceptions of Englishness. Historically, the most prominent immigrant group has been the Irish, who came in two major waves in the modern era: 1847 and 1848 after the potato famine, and during and after World War II. Scots were present in England by the 1700s and settled in England in large numbers during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, often for economic reasons. Welsh in-migration came to prominence when deindustrialization began in Wales in the 1920s. This inmigration has brought the so-called Celtic fringe into English culture in a host of ways. There has also been the impact of Jewish, Flemish, Dutch, French Huguenot, German, Italian, Polish, Turkish, Cypriot, and Chinese cultures since the twelfth century.
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[O]f the relative warmth of the nearby seas, England has a moderate climate, rarely marked by extremes of heat or cold. The mean annual temperature ranges between 11° C (52° F) in the south and 9° C (48° F) in the northeast. Seasonal temperatures vary between a mean of about 16° C (61° F) during July, the hottest month of the year, and 4° C (40° F) during January, the coldest month. The average January and July temperatures for the city of London are 4° C (40° F) and 18° C (64° F), respectively. Fogs, mists, and overcast skies are frequent, particularly in the Pennine and inland regions. Precipitation, heaviest during October, averages about 760 mm (about 30 in) annually in most of England.
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In 1989, England won matches against Romania and Fiji, followed by victories in their first three Five Nations games of 1990. They lost to Scotland in their last game ... giving Scotland a Grand Slam. England recovered in the following year by winning their first Grand Slam since 1980. England hosted the 1991 World Cup and were in pool A, along with the All Blacks, Italy and the United States. Although they lost to the All Blacks in pool play, they qualified for a quarter-final going on to defeat France 19–10. England then defeated Scotland 9–6 to secure a place in the final against Australia which they lost 12–6.[35]
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England strolled to a 3-0 over Estonia at Wembley to record their fifth successive 3-0 win in qualifiers. Wayne Rooney returned to the team and partnered Michael Owen up front. Shaun Wright-Phillips scored the opener firing through Mart Poom's legs in the 11th minute. Rooney scored his first competitive goal for England since Euro 2004 in the 32nd minute, with the help of a deflection off Raio Piiroja which diverted the ball into the net. Taavi Rahn scored a spectacular own goal a minute later heading a Joe Cole cross past Poom from the edge of the Estonia area.
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