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Emmy Noether: University Senate
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As a Jewish woman, in 1933 Emmy Noether was fired from her position as a privat docent in Göttingen. By decree no Jew was allowed to teach after Hitler came to power. (In 1934 women were dismissed from University posts.)
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Instead of looking for a language teaching position, Noether decided to undertake university studies. However, since she had not graduated from a gymnasium, she first had to pass an entrance examination for which she obtained permission from her instructors. She audited courses at the University of Erlangen from 1900 to 1902. In 1903 she passed the matriculation exam, and entered the University of Göttingen for a semester, where she encountered such notable mathematicians as Hermann Minkowski, Felix Klein, and David Hilbert. She enrolled at the University of Erlangen where women were accepted in 1904. At Erlangen, Noether studied with Paul Gordan, a mathematics professor who was ... a family friend.
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Emmy was born in Germany in 1882. Her father, Max Noether, was a professor of mathematics at Erlangen. During this time, women were unofficially allowed to study at university, so she attended lectures given by her father. In December 1907 she received her Ph.D. in mathematics. She then worked for no salary at the University of Erlangen, doing research and lecturing (Noether 1987).
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Although Erlangen did not allow women to enroll, Noether was able to sit in various classes. When Erlangen finally permitted women to enroll in 1904, she immediately enrolled as a mathematics student. She received her doctorate in 1907 under Paul Gordan, and she quickly built a reputation from her publications. She moved to Göttingen, Germany in 1915, but the University of Göttingen refused to let her teach. Her sympathetic colleague, David Hilbert, advertised her courses in the university's schedule under his own name. A controversy ensued, with her opponents asking what the country's soldiers would think when they returned home and were expected to learn at the feet of a woman.
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Peace-loving Noether was soon to wish for peace again. In 1933, Hitler and the Nazis came into power in Germany. The Nazis demanded that all Jews be thrown out of the universities. Noether's brother, Fritz, was ... a professor at the time. Offered a teaching position in Siberia, he moved his family there. Even though friends tried to get Emmy a position at the University of Moscow, she opted to move to the United States, where Bryn Mawr College offered her a position teaching.
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Noether's friends started a frantic search to find her a university position abroad. Eventually, she was granted a temporary one-year position on a modest salary at a small women's college, Bryn Mawr, in the United States. Finding her a permanent position proved difficult, as there were too many Jewish refugees and too few places who wanted to hire them. By 1935 enough funds were scraped together together to support Noether at a reduced salary for another two years.
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