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Emile Durkheim: Elementary Forms
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Durkheim formou-se em Direito e Economia, porém sua obra inteira é dedicada à Sociologia. Seu principal trabalho é na reflexão e no reconhecimento da existência de uma "Consciência Coletiva". Ele parte do princípio que o homem seria apenas um animal selvagem que só se tornou Humano porque se tornou sociável, ou seja, foi capaz de aprender hábitos e costumes característicos de seu grupo social para poder conviver no meio deste.
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The answer given by France's great sociologist, Émile Durkheim, was differentiation. He gave this answer for this first time in a book published in 1893, De la division du travail social (The Division of Labor in Society), but it recurs in various forms throughout his life's work.
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Social phenomena arise, Durkheim argued, when interacting individuals constitute a reality that can no longer be accounted for in terms of the properties of individual actors. "The determining cause of a social fact should be sought among the social facts preceding it and not among the states of the individual consciousness." A political party, for example, though composed of individual members, cannot be explained in terms of its constitutive elements; rather, a party is a structural whole that must be accounted for by the social and historical forces that bring it into being and allow it to operate. Any social formation, though not necessarily superior to its individual parts, is different from them and demands an explanation on the level peculiar to it.
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A sociologia fortaleceu-se graças a Durkheim e seus seguidores. Suas principais obras são: Da divisão social do trabalho (1893); Regras do método sociológico (1895); O suicídio (1897); As formas elementares de vida religiosa (1912). Fundou também a revista L'Année Sociologique, que afirmou a preeminência durkheimiana no mundo inteiro.
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Elementary Forms