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Egypt: Ancient Egypt
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The most popular beverage in Ancient Egypt was beer. Beer was made with stale barley bread mashed up in water for a couple of weeks until it became alcoholic and it was ready to drink. A normal meal consisted of onions, bread, and salted fish. The Egyptians did not use sugar, but in its place was honey. The Egyptian agricultural system consisted of barley, wheat, leeks, beans, lentils, onions, cabbages, radishes, lettuces, cucumbers, melons, dates, figs, and grapes. The Egyptians did not go get a drink from the Nile whenever they needed one.
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"Egypt is the gift of the Nile." So wrote the Greek scholar, Herodotus. From the cities to rural villages, where life goes on as it did thousands of years ago, a cruise along the Nile is like watching 5,000 years of culture unfold before your eyes. Marvel at the contrasts as you sail past simple villages surrounded by luxuriant palm groves, fertile plantations, romantic desert hills, lush oases, modern cities and ancient colonnaded temples and pyramids.
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Egypt will forever be the land of massive achievements. With an ancient civilization that dwarfs most others in the world, Egypt has been home to tenacious people who have left amazing monuments from the pyramids to the Sphinx. Even in ancient times, people traveled there to see the wonders that had been built. Today, Egypt stands as one of those modern nations that juxtaposes their past and present in striking fashion. Modern edifices are jumbled together with small villages and the ruins from past ages, all set against the backdrop of the desert, Nile river and the famous Egyptian monuments. The accumulated wealth of art and architecture of thousands of years resides there.
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The vast majority of Egypt's inhabitants live in the Nile valley and delta, and the rest of the country (about 96% of Egypt's total land area) is sparsely populated. Most modern Egyptians are of a complex ethnic mixture, being descended from the ancient Egyptians, Berbers, sub-Saharan Africans, Arabs, Greeks, and Turks. Arabic is the official language; many educated Egyptians ... speak English and French. About 90% of the people are Sunni Muslims, and most of the rest are Coptic Christians (see Copts).
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In about 3100 B.C., Egypt was united under a ruler known as Mena, or Menes, who inaugurated the 30 pharaonic dynasties into which Egypt's ancient history is divided--the Old and the Middle Kingdoms and the New Empire. The pyramids at Giza (near Cairo), which were built in the fourth dynasty, testify to the power of the pharaonic religion and state. The Great Pyramid, the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu (... known as Cheops), is the only surviving monument of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Ancient Egypt reached the peak of its power, wealth, and territorial extent in the period called the New Empire (1567-1085 B.C.).
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Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is a big, sandy desert. The winds blowing can create sand dunes over one hundred feet high. Egypt includes parts of the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert. These deserts were referred to as the "red land" in ancient Egypt, and they protected the Kingdom of the Pharaohs from western threats.
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