LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Dwight Eisenhower: Soviet Union
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July 21, 1955 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower presents his "Open Skies" plan at the 1955 Geneva summit meeting with representatives of France, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. The plan, though never accepted, laid the foundation for President Ronald Reagan's later policy of "trust, but verify" in relation to arms agreements with the Soviet Union.
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In the area of foreign policy, Eisenhower took a nuanced approach to the prosecution of the Cold War, choosing in which particular situations Americans would get involved. He refused to intervene to help the French maintain control of Vietnam, but did support CIA-backed coups in Iran and Guatemala and an American intervention force into Lebanon at the request of the Lebanese government. He ... faced two diplomatic crises almost simultaneously in 1956. In Hungary, the Soviet Army was sent in to end an anti-Soviet, anti-Russian independence movement. As this was occurring, the British, French, and Israelis seized the Suez Canal after Egyptian leader Gamel Nasser had nationalized it. Eisenhower acted by shocking his European allies, the Israelis, as well as the Arab world, by siding with the Egyptians and pressuring the three countries to withdraw their armed forces.
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Part of this book (pages 13-53) describes Rockefeller's role in the Eisenhower administration. In 1953, he became a member of what Desmond calls a "tight little group" of planners who advised Eisenhower. Other members included Milton S. Eisenhower and Arthur S. Fleming. By executive order, the group became the President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization and worked to streamline the executive section of the government. Rockefeller worked with Oveta Culp Hobby to set up the new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and with Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson to reorganize the Department of Defense. Rockefeller was ... involved with planning the "open skies" proposal made to the Soviets, which would have allowed the United States and Soviet Union open aerial reconnaissance of each other's military bases if the Soviets had agreed.
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Waging Peace offers the first fully comprehensive study of Eisenhower's "New Look" program of national security, which provided the groundwork for the next three decades of America's Cold War strategy. Though the Cold War itself and the idea of containment originated under Truman, it was left to Eisenhower to develop the first coherent and sustainable strategy for addressing the issues unique to the nuclear age. To this end, he designated a decision-making system centered around the National Security Council to take full advantage of the expertise and data from various departments and agencies and of the judgment of his principal advisors. The result was the formation of a "long haul" strategy of preventing war and Soviet expansion and of mitigating Soviet hostility. Only now, in the aftermath of the Cold War, can Eisenhower's achievement be fully appreciated. This book will be of much interest to scholars and students of the Eisenhower era, diplomatic history, the Cold War, and contemporary foreign policy.
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Ambrose, the leading authority on Eisenhower, has written in volume 1, Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890-1952, a meticulous, thought-provoking study of Eisenhower from birth to his presidency. In volume 2, The President, which covers the presidency and the years until Eisenhower's death in 1969, Ambrose praises the president most for his handling of international crises and holding to financial policies that brought prosperity to the nation. In this volume... he does not hesitate to criticize Ike's failure to support civil rights strongly, to understand Third World needs and hopes, and to improve relations with the Soviet Union.
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As president, Eisenhower followed a policy of social and economic "dynamic conservatism." He trimmed the defense budget following the Korean War but approved an increase in Social Security. His administration was ... responsible for the interstate highway system, one of the largest public works projects in American history. At the same time, Eisenhower worked to avoid the use of nuclear weapons and he cautioned the country against what he termed "the military-industrial complex," which he thought was aiding and abetting the arms race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
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