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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Dsm Iv
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The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is psychiatry’s “billing bible” of so-called mental disorders. With the DSM, psychiatry has taken countless aspects of human behavior and reclassified them as a “mental illness” simply by adding the term “disorder” onto them. While even key DSM contributors admit that there is no scientific/medical validity to the “disorders,” the DSM nonetheless serves as a diagnostic tool, not only for individual treatment, but ... for child custody disputes, discrimination cases, court testimony, education and more. As the diagnoses completely lack scientific criteria, anyone can be labeled mentally ill, and subjected to dangerous and life threatening “treatments” based solely on opinion.
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is another standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals. It is intended to be applicable in a wide array of contexts and used by clinicians and researchers of many different orientations (e.g. biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioural, interpersonal, family/systems). The DSM consists of three major components: the diagnostic classification, the diagnostic criteria sets and the descriptive text.
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals in the United States. It is intended to be applicable in a wide array of contexts and used by clinicians and researchers of many different orientations (e.g., biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, family/systems). It ... contains diagnostic codes (taken from ICD-9-CM) that can be used to satisfy record-keeping and reimbursement needs. Since all of the diagnostic codes are valid ICD-9-CM codes, users of the DSM automatically satisfy diagnostic coding requirements under HIPAA. (Click here for more information about DSM-IV-TR coding issues). Please note one recent coding change in DSM-IV-TR (effective October 1, 2004): the diagnostic code for Narcolepsy has been changed from 347 to 347.00.
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The most common, widely used and nearly mandatory diagnostic system in the United States is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (commonly referred to as the DSM). The DSM, published and controlled by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), has been promoted by the APA as a technological triumph, supported by hard data and good science. (The American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association are both known as the APA, but are different organizations.)
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A total of 31 (33%) were diagnosed with depression using a standardised questionnaire based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Of these 31, 25 (81%) experienced both depression and fatigue. The 33% prevalence of depression found in this study is similar to the 35% prevalence of depression in monoinfected individuals on anti-HCV therapy (Kraus, 2003).
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In 1980 ICD-9 and DSM-III were published simultaneously and in a fashion that permitted a "crosswalk" between each of these diagnostic manuals. DSM-III included 265 diagnostic categories and represented a radical shift in how psychiatric diagnoses were conceptualized. The paradigm shift included an emphasis on diagnostic criteria that were meant to be neutral with regard to etiology and usable across the many different theoretical orientations in American psychiatry. The outcome of these explicit diagnostic criteria and the multiaxial diagnostic system introduced at that time improved on the record of poor diagnostic reliability of the previous DSM systems and helped clinical communication and research. The result was that studies were able to show that different psychiatrists using the new DSM classification system in evaluating the same patient agreed on the diagnosis 80% of the time. This is a high level of diagnostic reliability and comparable to that for many other medical illnesses.
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