LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Cystitis: Urine
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The term "cystitis" literally means irritation of the urinary bladder. Although this term is rather general, there is a common form of cystitis that occurs in male and female cats. This disease is ... known as Feline Urologic Syndrome (FUS) or Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD). It affects the bladder (not the kidneys), resulting in the production of tiny crystals and bloody urine. The cat often urinates much more frequently than normal, usually with the passage of only a few drops of urine. This can be confused with constipation.
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In children, cystitis often is caused by congenital abnormalities (present at birth) of the urinary tract. Vesicoureteral reflux is a condition in which the child cannot completely empty the bladder. The condition allows urine to remain in or flow backward (reflux) into the partially empty bladder. In addition, cystitis can ... be caused by wiping forward instead of backward after a bowel movement, especially in girls that are newly toilet trained.
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The most common sign of cystitis is a change in urination habits -- increased frequency, decreased amount, straining, or passing blood in the urine. Males, with long narrow urethras, are more likely to suffer obstruction of the urinary tract if uroliths form. Signs of obstruction are straining with little or no production of urine. Uroliths are usually seen in dogs between three and seven years old, but have been reported in young pups and older dogs.
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Self-help There is a lot you can do for yourself in an acute attack of cystitis. To reduce acidity of urine - responsible for the stinging and scalding - and to flush infected urine out of bladder as quickly as possible, drink 0.25 litre (½ pint) cold water, barley water, or water with bicarbonate of soda in it every 20 minutes. Don’t overdo the bicarbonate - 1 teaspoon per hour for up to 3 hours only is the maximum you should take; if you have a heart condition, stick to plain water or barley water. Curling up with a hot-water bottle or ice-pack clasped to the lower abdomen ... offers relief.
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Men tend to get cystitis later in life. Trouble with urine flow in men may indicate problems with the prostate gland. Cystitis is common in elderly people, particularly if they are unwell. Bladder catheters and some urinary tract operations may ... increase the risk of cystitis.
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Before treating cystitis, a urine culture is normally taken to determine the type of infection involved. X-rays can ... be used to identify uroliths present in the urinary tract. Any uroliths identified must be removed. Appropriate antibiotics are then administered. If a dog is prone to reinfection, long-term antibiotic therapy may be necessary.
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