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Cystitis: Bacteria
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Cystitis is an inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder. When caused by germs, cystitis is called a bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs can be painful and annoying. A UTI such as cystitis can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys.
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Cystitis is rare in males. Females are more prone to the development of cystitis because of their relatively shorter urethra—bacteria do not have to travel as far to enter the bladder—and because of the relatively short distance between the opening of the urethra and the anus.[1] However it is not an exclusively female disease.
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The main treatment for acute bacterial cystitis is a 2 to 3 week course of antibiotics. Results of sensitivity testing may be used to choose the appropriate antibiotic. However, some antibiotics (penicillins) are secreted by the kidneys and achieve very high concentrations in urine. Such antibiotics can be effective for treatment of bacterial urinary tract infections even when sensitivity testing indicates otherwise. For this reason, your veterinarian may choose an antibiotic to treat a dog with his first urinary tract infection without performing urine culture and sensitivity testing.
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The diagnosis of cystitis is primarily based on symptoms and signs. Visual appearance of the urine is not helpful. The most important examination of urine is done by chemical testing (dipstick test), which is very quick, and by urine culture where the specimen is sent to a hospital laboratory to grow and examine the bacteria. The specimen must be fresh. It is ... important that the woman has separated her labia (lips) during urination, to avoid bacteria from the skin and vagina contaminating the specimen. If there is inflammation, the doctor will identify bacteria and red and white blood cells in the urine using the dipstick test.
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Alkaline encrusting cystitis is a form of chronic cystitis in which the inflamed bladder mucosa is encrusted with a layer of calcium phosphate. Urinary infection due to urea-splitting bacteria leads to an increase in urinary pH, promoting the precipitation of calcium salts and struvite crystals. The calcium phosphate encrustation is usually dense enough to be depicted on plain abdominal radiographs and CT scans. Although calcification is the dominant feature, the bladder wall itself is strikingly abnormal. Thickness of the bladder wall, which is often irregular and focal, is increased. The bladder lumen may be filled with debris.
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An infection that moves up through the lower urinary tract (the area from the urinary bladder to the end of the urethra) is the most frequent cause of cystitis. In male dogs, chronic prostate infection can be a source of bacterial bladder infections. Other conditions that can complicate the infection include urinary stasis (reduced or stopped urinary flow), trauma, abnormal urine composition, or calculi. Between 50 and 95% of struvite urolithiasis is associated with bacterial urinary tract infection, and the most common bacteria found in the urine of infected dogs is Staphylococcus. Until the stones are removed, it is virtually impossible to clear up the infection. Diet does not cause cystitis.
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