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Cysticercosis: Diseases
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Cysticercosis is the most common parasitic disease involving the CNS. It is caused by infestation of the larval form of Taenia solium, with humans being the primary host (1). Intraocular cysticercosis occurs in 3% of the cases. The involvement may be unilateral or bilateral (2). The cysts may be single or multiple (2). Depending on their size and location, orbital cysticercosis may be associated with chemosis, ocular pain, proptosis, periorbital swelling, ptosis, double vision, and ophthalmoplegia (3).
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Cysticercosis is a systemic illness caused by dissemination of the larval form of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. Encystment of larvae can occur in almost any tissue. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS), known as neurocysticercosis (NCC), is the most clinically important manifestation of the disease and may present with dramatic findings. Incidence of cysticercosis is increasing within developed countries.
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Cysticercosis is an infection that creates cysts in different areas in the body. The infection is caused by a parasite called Taenia solium (the pork tapeworm). If these worms are found in the intestine, they cause a different disease that is called teniasis.
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This is the first study that has examined the economic efficiency of health education intervention for control of porcine cysticercosis in an endemic rural situation. Since the present study only examined the economic benefit of the health education intervention in terms of pig production, results of this study should be considered the minimal actual benefit of the intervention. This is because the reduction of human disease morbidity, particularly NCC, which is anticipated to occur as a result of reduced incidence rate of porcine cysticercosis by the intervention, is likely to add significantly to the benefits of the health education intervention to the smallholder pig farmers in Mbulu District and the general public in Tanzania. In fact, in a study conducted in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, the proportion of the overall societal costs of cysticercosis associated with NCC varied from 66% to 84% (Carabin et al 2006). This calls for further studies to determine the full economic impact of the health education and other intervention strategies for Taenia solium to enable adoption of cost effective control strategies for this zoonotic parasite. In order to be able to conduct a thorough economic analysis of any control strategy for Taenia solium, data on the frequency and burden of the disease and the impact of the parasite to both the pig production and the human health are necessary.
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Bovine cysticercosis was made reportable in 1972 in Canada under the Health of Animals regulations. The CFIA's National Cysticercosis Program is aimed at preventing the spread of the disease to humans by detecting and eradicating cattle sources. CFIA inspectors first suspect infestations when they inspect cattle carcasses. Upon laboratory confirmation, the CFIA investigates potential farms of origin, as well as other premises where the animals might have stayed. Premises found to be infected are immediately quarantined. As cattle reach market weight, they must proceed to slaughter at a federally-inspected abattoir.
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Taenia solium cysticercosis is a parasitic disease that seriously affects human health (24) and causes important economic losses in pig farming of developing countries (1) where conditions that favor parasite transmission persist. The essential role of pigs as an obligatory intermediate host in the parasite life cycle offers the opportunity to interfere with transmission by inducing acquired immunity through vaccination (10, 13, 18), by decreasing susceptibility through genetic manipulation (14), or both. Systematic exploration of the role of genetic factors in cysticercosis and the identification of protective immunogens are hampered by the high costs and slow data retrieval involved in studies with pigs. However, another cestode, Taenia crassiceps, that naturally infects rodents (3) is highly suitable for experimentation. It shows extensive antigenic cross-reactivity and cross-protective immunity with T.solium (7, 21); the antigenic similarity is such that T.crassiceps antigens can be used for immunodiagnosis of human cysticercosis (9). Furthermore, T.crassiceps and T. solium both have a typical two-host taeniid life cycle and morphologically and structurally related larval stages.
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