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Critical Theory
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Critical theory deals with the criticism of cultural institutions. This criticism is both negative and positive. In the words of John Dryzek, "a critical theory strives to interpret the condition of a group of sufferers, make plain to them the cause of their suffering, and by sketching a course of relief, demonstrate that their situation is not immutable". (Dryzek, 1990)
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Other significant contributors to the critical race theory discourse from the 1980s to the present include Richard Delgado and Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw. Delgado, in defense of Bell’s storytelling or narrative style, argues that people of color speak from an experience framed by racism. Delgado argues that the stories of people of color are born from a different frame of reference and therefore impart to them a voice that is different from the dominant culture of hegemonic whiteness and deserves to be heard. Critical race theorists believe that in order to appreciate the perspective of oppressed racial minorities, the voice of a particular contributor must be understood in terms of that individual's own narrative.
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Information seeking events are considered here as communication interactions based on three constructs derived from critical theory: relational status (RS), discursive interaction (DI), and language use (LU). Figure 1 displays an array of real-world interactions considered from the strength of each of these constructs. The degree of relational status and discursive interaction increase moving along the x-axis. Moving along the y-axis progresses from entirely semantic/syntactic to pragmatic language use. The axes do not reflect a chart with absolute x,y coordinates but suggest that information seeking in general occurs as individual events with various properties of RS, DI, and LU. In the chart symbolized by cubes is a variety of possible individual information seeking events, between a speaker and hearer pair, specifically an information source or expert and a seeker or end-user.
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Critical race theory has been explored in education most notably from Ladson-Billings, Tate, Lynn, Parker, Solorzano, Yosso, Dixson, Rousseau, and Chapman. Critical race scholarship in education has occurred in three waves. The first wave of studies emanated in the mid 1990s with the introduction of CRT to the field by Ladson-Billings and Tate. Parker and Solorzano's contributions followed soon thereafter. The second wave of scholarship occurred in the late 1990s and continued through about 2004. Younger scholars like Lynn, Duncan, and Yosso became key players.
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For the faculty involved in the Critical Theory program, the new Designated Emphasis offers the opportunity to shape an influential intellectual tradition along new lines. And for graduate students like Kenji, the opportunity to participate in such a multi-disciplinary intellectual challenge is part of what makes Berkeley special. As Kenji says, it is Berkeley’s “well-known tradition of rethinking established truths” that makes it a perfect place for the kind of adventurous studies he wants to pursue.
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Philosophical controversies within contemporary critical theory arise largely from questions about the nature, scope and limits of human reason. As the linguistic turn in twentieth-century philosophy has increasingly given way to a sociocritical turn, traditional ideas of 'pure' reason have been left further and further behind. There is ... considerable disagreement about what that shift entails for enlightenment ideals of self-consciousness, self-determination, and self-realization.
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Critical Theory