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Crimean War
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The underlying cause of the Crimean War was the Eastern Question – the international problem of European territory controlled by the decaying Ottoman Empire. The immediate causes of the Crimean War were religious. Now, there is nothing the least bit "religious" about war, but, without a complete separation of church and state, religion is often used by the state as a pretext for war. Russia (Orthodox) was engaged in a dispute with France (Catholic) over the guardianship of the "Holy Places" in Palestine, and a dispute with the Ottoman Turks over the protection of the Orthodox Christians subject to the Ottoman sultan. Russia demanded from the Turks that there be established a Russian protectorate over all Orthodox subjects in the Ottoman Empire. After Turkey refused, Russia, in July of 1853, occupied the Ottoman vassal states of Moldavia and Walachia.
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The 1853-1856 Crimean War was against Russia and Turkey. Turkey's allies were France and England, which blocked the Black Sea coast. On April 8th, 1854 thirty-two French and British ships sailed to Odessa. The ships demanded the surrender of the city. Odessa ignored this demand. On April 10th, over 350 naval guns opened fire on Odessa.
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After the Crimean War, Russia pursued cautious and well-calculated foreign policies until nationalist passions and another Balkan crisis almost caused a catastrophic war in the late 1870s. The 1856 Treaty of Paris, signed at the end of the Crimean War, had demilitarized the Black Sea and deprived Russia of southern Bessarabia and a narrow strip of land at the mouth of the Danube River. The treaty gave the West European powers the nominal duty of protecting Christians living in the Ottoman Empire, removing that role from Russia, which had been designated as such a protector in the 1774 Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji. Russia's primary goal during the first phase of Alexander II's foreign policy was to alter the Treaty of Paris to regain naval access to the Black Sea. Russian statesmen viewed Britain and Austria (redesignated as Austria-Hungary in 1867) as opposed to that goal, so foreign policy concentrated on good relations with France, Prussia, and the United States. Prussia (Germany as of 1871) replaced Britain as Russia's chief banker in this period.
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In 1854, the Crimean War broke out, England, France and Sardinia came to the aid of Turkey against Russia. Almost at once, the British conscience was dismayed by published graphic reports of the disgraceful conditions suffered by the sick and wounded British soldiers. The most humiliating news was was that their ancient rivals, the French, had not only better hospitals, supplies and doctors, but ... the Sisters of Charity to care for the wounded. Women were urged to serve as nurses like the French sisters of charity. Mr Sidney Herbert, now, secretary at war, knew just the women to meet his need. Nightingale herself had a similar idea.
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The Crimean War was fought between Russia and the allied forces of Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. It began on the Crimean peninsula in 1853. The allies objected to expanding Russian power in the Black Sea area and to the seizing of land from the Ottoman Empire. Russia was defeated in 1856.
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The Crimean War was infamously known for military and logistical incompetence. However, it highlighted the work of women who served as army nurses. War correspondents for newspapers reported the scandalous treatment of wounded soldiers in the desperate winter that followed and prompted the work of Florence Nightingale, Mary Seacole, and others and led to the introduction of modern nursing methods.
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Crimean War