LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Counterterrorism
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Counterterrorism efforts between the federal government and the drinking water community have been under way since a presidential directive in 1998 established the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC). Since then, through the Critical Infrastructure Protection Advisory Group (CIPAG), a group of representatives from several water utilities around the country focused on better protecting America's drinking water infrastructure from terrorist attack.
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The Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism is a section of the United States Department of State charged with coordinating efforts to improve cooperation between the U.S. government and its foreign counterparts in battling terrorism. The coordinator, an ambassador, is the primary functionary of the federal government for developing and implementing America's counterterrorism policy.
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Information Technology for Counterterrorism: Immediate Actions and Future Possibilities munities to counter and respond to terrorist acts such as those experienced on September 11. In addition to presenting material on information technology (IT), Making the Nation Safer includes chapters on nuclear and radiological threats, human and agricultural health systems, toxic chemicals and explosive materials, energy systems, transportation systems, cities and fixed infrastructure, and the response of people to terrorism. The present report focuses on IT—its role as part of the national infrastructure, suggested areas of research (information and network security, IT for emergency response, and information fusion), and the people and organizational aspects that are critical to the acceptance and use of the proposed solutions. Note that policy is not a primary focus of this report, although policy issues are addressed as needed to provide context for the research programs outlined here. Information Technology for Counterterrorism draws on many past reports and studies of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB). These CSTB reports include Cybersecurity Today and Tomorrow: Pay Now or Pay Later; Computers at Risk: Safe Computing in the Information Age; Embedded, Everywhere: A Research Agenda for Networked Systems of Embedded Computers; Realizing the Potential of C4I: Fundamental Challenges; Information Technology Research for Crisis Management; and Computing and Communications in the Extreme, among others.
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The Washington Institute's Stein Program on Counterterrorism and Intelligence serves as Washington's premier center for the study of international terrorism. The Washington Institute has long focused on terrorism as a critical factor shaping and affecting U.S. Middle East policy. But since the program's founding under director Matthew Levitt in the wake of the September 11 attacks, it has quickly become a leading center for the analysis of terrorist groups, state sponsors, logistical and financial support networks, and counterterrorism policy.
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Counterterrorism is conducted in a variety of ways. It involves the gathering of information about terrorists, using that information to prevent terrorist attacks and to prosecute terrorists, working with other countries to curb global networks of terrorists, and discovering and disrupting the financial resources used to support terrorism. In addition, effective counterterrorism often includes the use of sanctions against other nations that sponsor terrorism or allow terrorists to operate on their soil, and in extreme cases, it involves the use of military force. Finally, to be truly effective, counterterrorism requires winning public support against terrorism so that terrorists are isolated and lack popular support.
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According to William Banks, director of the Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism at Syracuse University, the legal framework for terrorist-related crimes as well as public perceptions of domestic terrorism have been redefined since the September 11 terrorist attacks. He noted that prior to the passage of the Patriot Act, what might now be considered "domestic terrorism" cases could be tried under conventional criminal laws รข€“ like conspiracy to harm others and conspiracy to commit murder.
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