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Counter Reformation
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The Catholic Reformation or the Counter Reformation was the other phase of the great movement known as the Reformation. It was based on the assumption that the primary purpose of its leaders was to cleanse the Catholic Church in order to check the growth of Protestantism.
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At the heart of this Counter Reformation was the need to restore the Eucharist to the centre of worship. In Catholic belief, the Eucharist enshrines the moment when bread and wine, consecrated at the altar, are transformed into the body and blood of Christ.
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Because of the Wars of Religion in France, the Counter Reformation did not pick up momentum there until the 17th century. Devotion to the poor, as exemplified by St. Vincent de Paul and St. Louise de Marillac (1591–1660), especially characterized the French experience. Considerable attention was given there, as it was in Italy, to popular missions among the peasantry. Meanwhile, St. Francis of Sales, bishop of Geneva, published his Introduction to the Devout Life (1608), among the most popular of all works of Christian spirituality.
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Counter Reformation 16th-century reformation that arose largely in answer to the Protestant Reformation; sometimes called the Catholic Reformation. Although the Roman Catholic reformers shared the Protestants' revulsion at the corrupt conditions in the church, there was present none of the tradition breaking that characterized Protestantism. The Counter Reformation was led by conservative forces whose aim was both to reform the church and to secure the its traditions against the innovations of Protestant theology and against the more liberalizing effects of the Renaissance.
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[I]t was during the Counter Reformation of the sixteenth century that the segregation of Jews became oppressive. Pope Paul IV issued a bull on July 12, 1555 setting forth requirements for Jews in their district of Rome. Gates of the area were bolted between sunrise and sunset. Jews were required to build the walls and gates of the ghetto, and Jewish families lived in crammed, unsanitary conditions that bred disease. Other Italian cities—Florence, Mantua, Padua—followed the Roman example, establishing crowded, unhealthy ghetto areas for their Jewish population.
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Next to the Inquisition, the second of the several measures by which central organs were created for the Counter–Reformation is the establishment of new orders. The old ones were manifestly ineffective. The Augustinians produced Luther. The Dominicans had done still worse, for they produced the adversaries of Luther. The learning of the Benedictines was useless for the purpose of the day, and they were not organised for combat. A rich and varied growth of new religious orders was the consequence.
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Counter Reformation