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Constantinople: Roman Empire
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In AD 441 Attila alas attacked with his Huns, overrunning a great part of the Balkan peninsula, capturing cities and devastating; but he did not attempt Constantinople, which was virtually impregnable. In 443 Theodosius II came to terms; his subsidy to the Huns was to be doubled, and a great territory south of the Danube was to be left waste, a no-man's-land, between the two empires.
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Originally, this was merely the Patriarch of Constantinople, the capital of Constantine's Holy Roman Empire. After the separation of the Eastern Orthodox Church from the Catholic Church, the Patriarch became Orthodoxy's titular leader.
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After the fall of the Roman Empire, Greece became part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople (now Istanbul). (For the early history of Greece, see Greece, ancient.) The Byzantine Empire was constantly under attack, and during the 13th century Greece was annexed by the rising power of Venice.
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The papacy made a certain profession of loyalty to the empire, as a protection to itself to Lombard aggression, but it contested the position of spiritual supremacy with Constantinople. Meanwhile the great controversy of image worship remained irreconcilable.
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