LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Constantinople: Nicaean Greeks
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"Constantinople has many exquisite fountains. Where the ancient Greek reared a statue, and the modern Christian erects a crucifix, the Moslem constructs a fountain, since to the Mohammedans, water is the most essential thing in life. Drinking neither wine nor beer, they, more than other, are dependent upon water. Moreover, five times a day, before they pray to Allah, they must wash at least their hands. Hence every mosque invariably has its fountain for ablutions; and so has almost every public square. These fountains are, as a rule, the gifts of private individuals.
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In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Turks, who enslaved the Greek Christian population of the city, changed the name of the city, and turned all the churches into mosques. The difference between the Crusaders and the Muslim invaders? The Muslims are still there.
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Its first measure was to confirm St. Gregory Nazianzen as Bishop of Constantinople. The Acts of the council have almost entirely disappeared, and its proceedings are known chiefly through the accounts of the ecclesiastical historians Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. There is good reason to believe that it drew up a formal treatise (tomos) on the Catholic doctrine of the Trinity... against Apollinarianism; this important document has been lost, with the exception of the first canon of the council and its famous creed (Nicaeano-Constantinopolitanum). The latter is traditionally held to be an enlargement of the Nicene Creed, with emphasis on the Divinity of the Holy Spirit. It seems, however, to be of earlier origin, and was probably composed (369-73) by St. Cyril of Jerusalem as an expression of the faith of that Church (Bois), though its adoption by this council gave it special authority, both as a baptismal creed and as a theological formula. Recently Harnack (Realencyklopadie fur prot.
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