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Constantine: Christians
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Constantine instituted several legislative measures which had an impact on Jews. They were forbidden to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism was outlawed. Congregations for religious services were restricted, but Jews were allowed to enter Jerusalem on Tisha B'Av, the anniversary of the destruction of the Temple.
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Constantine successfully established the dynastic principle, but it had bitter fruit. His feeble sons, 'born to rule', murdered each other (the survivor died falling from his horse). Worse yet, Constantine’s nephew, Julian, though raised as a Christian, detested the doctrine and, on assuming the throne, reversed many of Constantine’s policies.
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Constantine was involved in ecclesiastical politics, including the Donatist and Arian controversies. He convened and presided over the first "ecumenical" council at Nicea in 325 to respond to the teachings of Arius. The bishops (clergy), most of whom had been persecuted for their Christianity and all but six of them from the East, created a foundation for orthodoxy by establishing the anti-Arian Nicene Creed (to which minor changes were made by the Council of Constantinople in 381).4
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Constantine ruthlessly enforced his brand of orthodoxy among various Christian groups — he would not allow them to be weakened as a political force through internal strife or dissent. Constantine appropriated religious authority for himself by declaring he was a “bishop, ordained by God.” First, Constantine moved to eliminate external challenges posed by paganism, destroying temples and books. He then sought to eliminate Christian groups deemed “unorthodox,” ... removing internal challenges.
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The Byzantine liturgical calendar, observed by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine rite, lists both Constantine and his mother Helena as saints. Although he is not included in the Latin Church's list of saints, which does recognize several other Constantines as saints, he is revered under the title "The Great" for his contributions to Christianity.
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At first both tried to live peacefully aside each other, Constantine in the west, Licinius in the east. In AD 313 they met at Mediolanum (Milan), where Licinius even married Constantine's sister Constantia and restated that Constantine was the senior Augustus. Yet it was made clear that Licinius would make his own laws in the east, without the need to consult Constantine. Further it was agreed that Licinius would return property to the Christian church which had been confiscated in the eastern provinces.
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