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Consciousness: View
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How should introspective consciousness be explained? While Lockean inner perception (see ยง2) has some contemporary defenders, most notably David Armstrong (1980), this view has fallen on hard times in philosophy of mind.
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Though it is not the norm, one could nonetheless take a more robustly realist view of consciousness as a component of reality. That is one could think of consciousness as more on a par with electromagnetic fields than with life.
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From his earliest writings on, Freud saw the link between consciousness and the ego as very close. And although by 1920 Freud viewed the ego as in large part unconscious in its defensive activities, he continued to attach consciousness to it as both the "nucleus" and the "surface of the mental apparatus" (1923b, p. 19).
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