LYCOS RETRIEVER
Colonial Mexico
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Colonial Mexico displayed nuptial patterns quite different from the northwestern European model in which marriage acted as a powerful device to keep population in line with economic resources. There, new couples normally formed a self-supporting household only after they had acquired a "niche", usually by inheritance (peasant families), or through wage employment (urban families). In that regard, colonial Mexico resembled North America. Data assembled by Haines demonstrates that in British America marriage was as early and nearly universal as in Eastern and Balkan Europe. In the eighteenth century, women first married, on average, in their late teens or early twenties, while men married older, around 25-26. Newly married couples set up householding of their own as in northwestern Europe.
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Colonial Mexico was home to a vast array of ethnoracial groups. In the first years following the conquest, most people fell into one of three distinct ethnoracial categories. They were either indigenous Nahuas, peninsular Spaniards, or Africans (both enslaved and free). However, the three "original" categories broke down quite quickly and by the early 17th Century the castas were being defined. The term castas referred originally to people of mixed ethnoracial heritage and was generally derogatory. The Spanish brought a fanatical fascination about race with them when they arrived in the "New World."
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Alburquerque was appointed by Spain's King Philip V at a time when expanding state power was beginning to meet with opposition in colonial Mexico. The Duke and his retainers, though seemingly working for the Crown, actually built close alliances with locals to thwart the reform efforts emanating from Spain. Alburquerque collaborated with contraband traders and opposed the secularization of Indian parishes. He persecuted several local craftsmen and merchants, some of whom died after languishing in jail, accusing them of treason to bolster his own credentials as a loyal official. In the end... the dominant clique at the royal court in Madrid sought revenge. Alburquerque was forced to pay an unheard-of indemnity of 700,000 silver pesos to regain the king’s favour.
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The Aztecs and the Making of Colonial Mexico expands traditional conceptions of Aztec civilization and challenges the idea that the Spanish completely destroyed Aztec society and culture. The exhibit insightfully addresses the 300 years after the conquest that Aztec-Nahua colonial communities, artists, scholars, writers, landowners, and religious leaders worked, litigated, published, wrote, and interacted with Spaniards. The result was a rich cultural exchange of economic, intellectual, and artistic labor.
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In 1535, some years after the fall of the Aztec capital, the basic form of colonial government in Mexico was instituted with the appointment of the first Spanish viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza (c. 1490 to 1552). For the remainder of the Spanish colonial period, from 1535 to 1821, a total of 61 viceroys ruled Mexico. Mendoza and his successors directed a series of military and exploratory expeditions, which eventually made present-day Texas, New Mexico, and California part of New Spain.
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